Writing Assigment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Writing Assigment - Essay Example In fact, it can be considered to be one of the most controversial topics with regard to law in a civilized society. The United States along with many countries in Asia still have laws that can sentence a person to death unlike most European nations, where this practice has been abolished. Even within country, not all states adhere to this law. Sixteen states in the country including the District of Columbia have removed death penalty as a form of punishment, but all other states still consider it lawful. In other words, a majority of the states still follow this form of punishment. This practice was accepted in the country during the time of colonization from laws that existed in the host countries of the colonizers. They then became accepted or rejected among the different states as mentioned above. There are strong proponents and dissidents with regard to capital punishment. These attitudes could be based on religious beliefs, social customs, or their personal viewpoints. Those who are for capital punishment put forth the following arguments as justification. Their primary reason is that members of the society have to be protected from criminals who commit more serious crimes like murder and capital crimes. It is the duty of the government to protect its citizens and that by providing death penalty; a capital crime will not be committed by the same person again. Their second reason is that this form of punishment will act as a warning and deterrent to other people with criminal tendencies. A death penalty risk will act as a strong deterrent and can help to prevent similar acts by other members of the society. The third argument is that the relatives and loved ones of the victims are entitled to retribution. If someone has murdered a member of the family, then the members can o nly obtain justice, if the murderer is treated in the same manner. There are strong arguments against death penalty from various

A Birthday Gone Bad Essay Example for Free

A Birthday Gone Bad Essay While I was standing inside the kitchen of my home, preparing the food for my daughter’s twelfth birthday party, I heard the terrible screams of my daughter crying out for help. Without any hesitation at all, I dropped everything in my hands and ran to the back yard where all the guests of the party were at. I found my daughter sitting on the concrete floor next to our hot tub, holding her foot and sobbing in horrible pain. As soon as I sat next to her, she ripped a three prong gardening rake out of the arch in the middle of her left foot. I thought for a moment that I was going to be sick to my stomach. The gardening rake was dirty and rusted, and punctured a deep hole right in the bottom of my daughters left foot. I picked her up and rushed her into the bathroom where I began to clean the wound to the best of my abilities. She started to tell me how she managed to get a rake stuck in the middle of her foot when my husband walked in to the bathroom. He stopped her in the middle of her sentence to examined lesion and agreed with me that she needed to be taken to the hospital incase major damage was done into the inside of her foot. So I rushed her to the nearest emergency room. See more: Ethnic groups and racism essay On our way to the emergency room she was finally able to tell me what had happened to her. My daughter informed me that she was simply jumping outside of the hot tub in the attempt to jump into the pool. However, she failed to notice the gardening rake just lying about on the floor and landed right on it. When we got to the emergency room the doctor quickly informed me that my daughter was going to need tetanus shot to eliminate the risk of major infection. This information completely freaked my daughter out and made her want to leave the hospital that very minute because she was deathly afraid of needles. After some time of convincing, she agreed to hold still for the shot to be administered. After the shot was given the doctor ordered a MRI and an x-ray of my daughters’ foot to see if there was any damage done. When the results came in the doctor informed me that when she ripped the rake out of her foot, she managed to rip multiple ligaments and tendons inside of her foot. The only way to completely heal her foot was to put her in a leg cast that went all the way up to her knee and leave in on for four weeks. By the time the doctor had finished putting the cast on, she was already complaining about having to use crutches and how everyone at school was going to make fun of her. When we got home my daughter had just had it with the day. It was suppose to be a great day and it so quickly turned into an ugly day. Nobody wants to spend their birthday in the hospital. Unfortunately for my daughter, she is one of the unlucky ones who has unexpected things happen to them in the blink of an eye.

Social Commentary in Blood Brothers by Willy Russell Essay -- Blood Br

Social Commentary in Blood Brothers by Willy Russell The play, Blood Brothers by Willy Russell, is a twisted tale of two brothers born on the same day and from the same womb, yet they live in two entirely different worlds. In the scene with Russell Eddie and Mickey meeting for the first time. At first Mickey is suspicious of Eddie, (Mickey – â€Å"hello† suspiciously), but at that innocent age they talking and quickly bond. Eddie is well-mannered in all his ways – â€Å"ill look it up in the dictionary† and says â€Å"pardon†. This shows Eddie has a polite comportment in his speech– â€Å"ill looks it up in the dictionary† and says â€Å"pardon†. This shows Eddie is well educated and polite because of his wealth. However, Mickey isn’t and Eddie is innocent and because of his overprotective mother therefore doesn’t know much about reality and the world around him – Eddie says, â€Å"Pissed of. You say smashing things don’t you? And Mickey says, â€Å"Do you know the F word?† Eddie – â€Å"pardon, what does it mean?† Because the boys are young, they’re innocent and honest about everything. When they start sharing background information, they soon find out they are very similar and even share the same age, the same date of birth. They choose to become blood brothers which will mean a new stronger relationship. Mickey says,† this mean that we’re blood brothers† their affection is strong, because they bond so quickly. When Sammy enters the scene, it becomes tense as he makes fun of Eddie. Sammy _ â€Å"he’s a friggin poshy†, this means Sammy makes fun of his accent, he instantly recognizes he’s posh. Because Mickey is Eddie’s blood brother, he defends him as that was one of they’re vows they made when becoming blood brothers. Mickey and Eddie – â€Å"I al... ...u as well as everything’ else? Does she? Eddie does she?† Russell is trying to show that if you’re wealthy you aren’t going to be happy unless you have something to keep you going, he needs an achievable goal in life, Mrs Johnstone had her children, but Mickey only has his pills to keep him going. He has no hope of a job because of his criminal record, or his own home. He is terrified that Linda will leave him. In conclusion Russell is trying to portray that your situation depends entirely on the way you’re brought up. According to Russell it depends on nurture; the child that was given away got the better life, it wouldn’t have mattered which one was given away. As Eddie had the experience of a wealthy family he got the best opportunities in life. Mickey has to struggle with reality of being underprivileged, hence the unfairness of living in Britain.

Levis Business Report

REPORT FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF LEVIS STRAUSS LADIES’ JEANS FOR EDGARS RETAIL STORES To Directors of Edgars, This report serves to provide information about Levis Strauss Jeans which we wish to sell through your retail stores, Edgars. Levis Strauss is a clothing line which has the potential to become very popular, especially once our new line of ladies’ jeans is introduced into the market. Target Market Although the target market for our Jeans is limited to women, the popularity and demand for Jeans is increasing by the day.The consumers would be able to wear Jeans in a casual manner with a shirt for their every day errands, and they would also be able to wear them slightly more dressed up with a blazer for work. Jeans are a piece of clothing that are worn by every class of people for almost every occasion and this would put us at an advantage in the current market. Previously, Jeans were thought to be only for workers, cowboys, etc. However, the consumer demand has shift ed from the durability of jeans to the fashion of jeans. Materials UsedThe materials needed to make the jeans would be denim, cotton, zips buttons, rivets and thread for embroidery of the brand name. These can be obtained with ease around South Africa which will lower our cost price as we will not need to import materials in order to produce the jeans. This will allow us to provide the jeans at a lower and more competitive price, therefore attracting more consumers to your stores. Possible Challenges and Strategies One of the challenges that we, as the manufacturers of the jeans, face is the threat of new entrants into the market and the threat of substitutes.Our generation consists of many young, innovative and enthusiastic designers who could possible introduce a new brand of denim jeans into the market. This could also tie in with the threat of substitutes as there are literally hundreds of lines that offer jeans as one of their products such as Guess, Sissy Boy, Free 2 b U, and RT to name but a few. In order to overcome this challenge we would need to ensure that our product has a high level of differentiation, meaning that it would need to stand out against the other brands of denim jeans.We could do this by using edgy advertisements. For example, women wearing nothing but the jeans themselves but with shadows covering the necessities such as breasts etc. This will attract women to the jeans as it implies that the jeans will give them sex appeal. We would also need to emphasise what makes our jeans different by showing their authenticity, originality, variety, quality, and their unique fit. Our jeans are also offered at a premium price and would be easily accessible to consumers as many people shop at Edgars stores.It could also be emphasised that our jeans are classic yet still modern and they can be worn for comfort as well as style. Table showing substitutes chosen if Levis Jeans were not available (Calculated on 120 respondents) Brand| Percentage of R espondents| Sissy Boy| 61%| Guess| 15%| Free 2 b u| 17%| RT| 7%| Levis Jeans can be considered as a style instead of just a fashion or a trend. A fashion and a trend grow slowly in the market but eventually the sales begin to decline.It is considered a style as, although jeans may not always be the most popular choice of clothing, they will always come back into fashion and have the potential to make a come-back in the market of the fashion industry. Another possible challenge would be that our brand could struggle internationally and this could affect its popularity locally. However, we have adopted the motto â€Å"think local and act global†. This ensures the potential consumer that the product is of good quality yet it can still be sold at a competitive and reasonable price.There have been some complaints of our jeans tearing in some places on Hello Peter, however, we have made an effort to strengthen our product physically by improving our production process and testing t he strength of certain garments in a batch to ensure that the products provided are of the highest quality possible Conclusion After careful market segmentation, efforts in improving the product and in-depth analysis of the market, we believe that our product would be a valuable addition to your range of products sold at your retail stores.With careful marketing strategies, innovative thinking and continuous attention given to the consumer needs, Levis Strauss could add to your store’s success. Please consider our proposal favourably. Regards, Kirsty Smit – Levis Strauss CEO References: * http://www. scribd. com/doc/31538621/Project-report-on-starting-a-new-business-Comfort-Jeans * http://www. madehow. com/Volume-1/Blue-Jeans. html * http://www. uvm. edu/~shali/Levi. pdf * http://www. cleanclothes. org/betterbargain/946-case-file-levi-strauss-a-co * http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Levi_Strauss All of the above websites were visited on the 4th of October 2012.

Case Starbucks Essay

a. Assuming that Starbucks had no significant permanent differences between book income and taxable income, did income before taxes for financial reporting exceed or fall short of taxable income for 2012? Explain. Taxable income before income tax is $2,059 million, and taxable income should minus $674.4 million. So income before taxes exceeds taxable income. b. Will the adjustment to net income for deferred taxes to compute cash flow from operations in the statement of cash flows result in an addition or subtraction for 2012? There will be a subtraction from net income for deferred taxes to compute cash flow. c. Starbucks rents retail space for its coffee shops. It must recognize rent expense as it uses rental facilities but cannot claim an income tax deduction until it pays cash to the landlord. Suggest the scenario that would give rise to a deferred tax asset instead of a deferred tax liability related to occupancy cost – Accrued Occupancy Cost. No lease payment in the begin ning of the rent. As a result, the company recognizes rent expense earlier for financial reporting than for income tax reporting in order for Starbucks to report deferred tax assets. d. Starbucks recognizes an expense related to retirement benefits as employees rendered services but cannot claim an income tax deduction until it pays cash to a retirement fund. Why do the deferred taxes for deferred compensation appear as a deferred tax asset – Accrued Compensation and Related Costs? Suggest possible reasons why the deferred tax asset decreased slightly between the end of 2011 and the end of 2012. Company can contribute cash to a retirement fund in later years, it can claim an income tax deduction. The decreasing amount of the deferred tax asset in could be. Starbucks reports deferred revenue for sales of stored value cards, such as the Starbucks Card and gift certificates. These amounts are taxed when collected, but not recognized in financial reporting income until tendered at a store. Why does the tax effect of deferred revenue appear as a deferred tax asset? Why might the value of this deferred tax asset doubled from 2011 to 2012? Because they recognize revenue even they didn’t get the cash. So the tax can be deferred until they get the cash. g. Starbucks recognizes a valuation allowance on its deferred tax assets to reflect â€Å"net operating losses of consolidated  foreign subsidiaries.† Presumably, these are included in â€Å"Other† deferred tax assets. Why might the valuation allowance have financial increase between 2011 and 2012?(no idea) h. Starbucks uses the straight-line depreciation method for financial reporting and accelerated depreciation for income tax reporting. Like most firms, the largest deferred tax liability is for property plant and equipment (depreciation). Explain how depreciation leads to a deferred tax liability. Suggest possible reasons why the amount of the deferred tax liability related to depreciation increased between 2011 and 2012. Starbucks uses different depreciation method for financial reporting and income tax reporting. So the taxable income on financial statements may lower than on income tax reporting. The difference between is deferred tax liability. The accelerate depreciation calculate more with the time, so the amount may increased during 2011 to 2012.

Autobiography In Chitra Banerjees Works English Literature Essay Essay Example

Autobiography In Chitra Banerjees Works English Literature Essay Essay Example Autobiography In Chitra Banerjees Works English Literature Essay Essay Autobiography In Chitra Banerjees Works English Literature Essay Essay life , and write , therefore it is a manner of composing that has been about about every bit long as history has been recorded. Yet autobiography was non categorized as a term till the late 18th century. It is following logged usage was in its current sense by Robert Southey in 1809. He coined the term for depicting the work of a Provencal poet. The chief characteristics of autobiography are the individuality of the ego, the grammatical position of the work, and self-reflection or self-contemplation. If we talked about the grammatical position, autobiography is largely written in the first individual singular. It is believed that it is by and large a narrative one tells about oneself, that s why it is non surely followed that the author would tell or narrate her or his yesteryear from a 3rd and 2nd individual position. Jean Quigley confirms this point in her book The Grammar of Autobiography ( 2000 ) by stating that, Equally shortly as we are asked about ourselves, to state our autobiography, we start to state narratives. We tell what happened, what we said, what we did 2. Biographers by and large relate to a broad assortment of paperss or point of views and on the other side autobiography may be based wholly on the author s memory. One of the first great autobiographies of the Renaissance is that of the sculpturer and goldworker Benevento Cellini ( 1500-1571 ) . He declares at the start, No affair what kind he is, everyone who has to his recognition what are or truly seem great accomplishments, if he cares for truth and goodness, ought to compose the narrative of his ain life in his ain manus ; but no 1 should venture on such a glorious project before he is over 40. 3 Therefore, the supporter, the writer, and the storyteller must portion a common individuality for the work to be acknowledged as an autobiography. This common individuality could be tantamount, but is non equal. The personality that the writer creates becomes a character within the narrative that may non be an entirely factual image of the writer s existent yesteryear. Noteworthy eighteenth century in English includes those of Benjamin Franklin and Edward Gibbon, following the inclination of Romanticism, which greatly highlighted the function and the nature of the person, and in the waies of Jean-Jacques Rousseau s Confessions ( 1782-1789 ) . It is a more fond signifier of autobiography researching the topic s emotions. An English illustration is William Hazlitt s Liber Amoris ( 1823 ) , a painful analysis of the author s love life. With the rise of instruction, modern constructs of famous person and name began to develop, economic system newspapers and inexpensive printing, and the receivers of this were non slow to hard currency in on this by bring forthing autobiographies. Therefore, autobiographical plants are by nature subjective. Some sociologists and psychologist have noted that autobiography offers the writer s ability to animate history. Further, the term fictional autobiography has been invented to specify novels about a fictional character written as though the character were composing their ain life. Daniel Defoe s Moll Flanders ( 1721 ) and Charles Dickens s David Copperfield ( 1850 ) are early illustrations of fictional autobiography. The term may besides use to the plants of fiction claiming to be autobiographies of existent characters, e.g. Robert Nye s Memoirs of Lord Byron ( 1994 ) . In the autobiography, clip and history at first glimpse, seem supreme. On balance, autobiography is the history of the things that have happened in a individual s life. The experiences of his life were selected and made ready for public use and normally written in the first individual. It habitually seems that while truth may be divined from one s ain narrative, sometimes it is non one s ain truth but the truth of a state, a civilization, and a coevals. An autobiographical novel is a method which is utilizing car fiction techniques or the assimilation of fiction and autobiographical elements. Therefore, the literary technique is differentiated from memoir and an autobiography by the status of being fiction. Because an autobiographical novel is partly fiction, the writer does non inquire the reader to anticipate the text to carry through the autobiographical treaty . In an autobiographical novel name and locations are frequently changed and events are reconstructed to do them more dramatic but the narrative still stands a close similarity to that of the writer s life. At the same clip as incidents of the writer s life are recounted, there is no pretence of precise truth. Events may be altered or overstated for artistic or thematic ground. As a consequence the term autobiography novel is hard to specify. Novels which have the portray scenes or state of affairss with which the writer is familiar are non needfully autobiographical.A Neither are novels that comprise facets drawn from the writer s life as little secret plan inside informations. To be measured an autobiographical by most criterions, there should be aA protagonistA modeled after the writer and a centralA plotlineA that reflects events in his or her life. Many novels about private experiences, intense are besides written as autobiographical novel. Therefore, normally the novelist douses in thoughtful self-contemplation foremost to happen out herself and so to aesthetically air world to the readers thereby wining in making and specifying expressively capturing personages. Even more appealing is the sequence of her adult females from one phase of development to the other picturing them as cheerful and brave characters. By the manner, different autobiographical glosss between the novelists and her creative activities can ever be observed. It is non easy to turn away from the autobiographical elements so imposingly and diagrammatically present in Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni s authorship. She could non envelop within her the strong advise to compose about her ain battle with individuality foremost as an emigre from India, and eventually as a citizen in the United States. She writes her plants with the assorted phases of her life as her characters are close projections of herself. In brief her Hagiographas typify her intelligence of what it means to be a adult female author of Bengali-Indian beginning who has lived in America. Divakaruni found it complicated to adhere herself as a innovator of new districts, patterns, and literature. Chitra Banerjee believed that high-quality fiction focuses on the rational emotional and physical responses of a group of characters when they are placed in a circumstance non habit to them. She sensed that religious violent behavior left a stronger impact on the head instead than physical force on the organic structure. For that ground, her adult females supporters are interested in their psychological surveies. There is an ceaseless support in her adult female to construct up their confused life and to show their verification to life. True plenty, while they try to make so, they come out unnatural in their behavior but this is merely in a proposal to populate life on their ain conditions. Therefore, Divakaruni has skilfully made usage of her experiences both in the East every bit good as the West, united with personal brushs to analyze and to portray the life of the adult females characters objectively. The Hunt for the place in which the ego is at place has been one of the most of import undertakings of the modern literature all over the universe. A figure of books make an attempt to map the narrations of home in South Asiatic literature from the move in front of modernness on the subcontinent of the present twenty-four hours. Their program is to understand more than the domestic into representations of the place, to look at non merely the geographical, but besides the psychological and material sunglassess of place. The first aim is to disband the perceptual experience of place in all its incarnations as stableness, myth, parturiency, security, and as desire. Chitra Banerjee s literary plants both challenges or focuses place and her experiences in different state of affairss. It examines that how the consciousness of place alterations its meanings when expressed from different locations, by different topics and in different linguistic communications, paying demanding concentrati on to ideological determinates such as category and gender. So, the loss of or the separation to one s native civilization can do sorrow in a migrator s life. The psychological change is indispensable to incorporate and follow into a new civilization, name into inquiry the thought of a pure individuality . Furthermore the mixture place of a migrator may pretense a hazard to one s individuality by oppugning the relationship between the place and the self . Run with the challenges of life in two or more civilizations encourage the migrator authors to copy their fatherland with their new milieus and an attempt to accommodate a new dirt. Therefore, Divakaruni s work is a mixture of autobiography and fiction ; her narratives represent the diverse and assorted positions of a migrator s feelings and ideas. Divakaruni develops her ain reading of Indian imposts and history. She portrays a image of an equivocal legendary fatherland. In her effort to associate her narrative, she reveals to the reader the penetration of her withdrawal. The hyphenated position of her individuality, Asian-Indian or American prompts her to look into her last portion of the dash. Like Divakaruni, many Postcolonial authors are paying attending in disputing the fixed position of the universe and its emblazoned significances. Therefore, truth and genuineness are matched, as a consequence the migrator authors support multiplicity against the fastness of intending. They value the freedom to organize their ain significances through texts. Originality is viewed by many postmodern authors as an act of authorising one s individuality. As a effect, Chitra Banerjee appears closer to her ain lost fatherland in her short-stories and novels. In her narratives she illustrates the separation of integrated westerners ; in her work it can be construed as the renditions of her ain perceptual experience of India peculiarly in Calcutta. Divakaruni s plants are non applicable in the sanctioned definition of autobiography but there are features of it. To understand the traits of autobiography we have to judge her plants through the assorted points of position. We can easy happen out the qualities that who she used her personal patterns in her plants. In order to happen out the consequences we have started from the personal history and later it will transport on with the other points in the class of to turn out autobiographical characters in her plants like- sense of disruption, image of immigrant, the issue of 9/11, her construct of India, the impact of her gramps s influence, attitude towards faith, the characters in Divakaruni s plants, etc. The Concept of India- Even after three decennaries of assimilation and version, Divakaruni maintains wishing for her cultural background. We can easy feel the image of India in her plants. During her past 19 old ages in India she learned a batch about the civilization, linguistic communication, traditions, and rites of this state. She is really much inspired by all her experiences of her fatherland, which we can judge in her authorship besides. There are so many musca volitanss where it is proved that the writer wishes to portion her cognition about India with her readers. Her plants are non wholly autobiographical but there is a word picture of her personal patterns. In her plants particularly Arrange Marriage ( 1995 ) , Sister of my Heart ( 1999 ) , Vine of Desire ( 2002 ) , Mistress of Spices ( 1997 ) , The Conch Bearer ( 2003 ) , and The Palace of Illusions ( 2008 ) ; the narrative line is based on the illustration of India. Divakaruni was born in a traditional in-between category household in Calcutta, India. Turning up in a figure of topographic points in India, the writer feels a strong familiarity to the landscape and individuals of the subcontinent. Her female parent besides lived there till she was alive. Divakaruni sees the ethnicities and narratives of Bengal as being centre to her personality as a author. Her authorship is made more complimentary by the fact that she is researching the experience of being Indian every bit good as the citizen of the U.S. In her novel The Sister of my Heart ( 1999 ) , she presented the image of a traditional Chatterjee s household of Calcutta. The fresh carries the subject of capturing the quandary and chances facing adult females with one pes in the modern universe and the other in traditional Indian society. This novel tells us the narrative of Anju and Sudha, two immature misss raised as sisters in an old conventional household. The narrative continues between these two sisters in her another novel The Vine of Desire ( 2002 ) . Therefore, in her few novels she represents the societal and cultural alterations that the India has undergone. She centers on the unbelievable power of society or household plus the dealingss between household members and paying close consciousness to the scrutinies of adult females covered up by the Indian society. Born on the same twenty-four hours into a traditional household circle, they have shared a powerful emotional bond since birth. At the centre of the book lies the miss s upper-class and affluent Indian household, strong-willed to follow clip privileged regulations of modestness. But as they come of age, their relationship is tested by household secrets, love affair, arranged matrimony, and eventually in-migration to America. That s a topic about which Divakaruni, who was born in Calcutta, writes from her personal experiences. The writer says about her work, The background out of Calcutta comes out of my experience all of the concerns with the challenges that adult females face both in India and in America are of class, really near to me. Other than that, the remainder of the narrative is imagined. 4 The book is separated into two divides named after narratives the misss used to state each other, one is The Princess in the Palace of Snakes and another is The Queen of Swords . Over and over once more the events of the book parallel the workss in these narratives. As good assorted in with, these narratives are Bengali narratives and myths of the God in the Hindu usage. Many of the outlooks the Sudha and Anju face in so far as matrimony and instruction are traditional. There are set ordinances they must either accept or to take hazards for deriving a position. Religious belief, jubilations, and frock are really much a portion of Indian tradition and this was explained in item by the writer. She tried to give her readers an existent image of India particularly her place town Calcutta. She described about the usage of sign of the zodiacs over there- It is every eventide on our patio, its bricks overgrown with moss. A clip when the Sun bents low on the skyline, half hidden by the pipul trees which line our compound walls all the manner down the long private road to the bolted wrought-iron Gatess. Our great gramps had them planted 100 old ages ago to maintain the adult females safe from the regard of aliens. 5 Divakaruni besides talked about the responsibilities of girls, Good girls are bright lamps, illuming their female parent s name ; wicked girls are firebrands, searing their household s celebrity 6. Calcutta is celebrated for few things like Howrah station, populace s enthusiasm towards film theatres, and their devotedness for Ma Kali ( durga puja ) . Divakaruni touched all these things really good in her plot line. We can feel the exhilaration on the releasing of a new movie, The new movie had taken Calcutta by storm. Everywhere there were hoardings, larger and brighter than life, picturing the hero and heroine. She in her keen gold-worked dance skirt and dupatta, the guiltless virgin in the thick of a corrupt court.Or crying in the clasps of the evil nabab as her prince hastes on horseback to her deliverance. At school the misss could nt halt whispering about how romantic it was, the lovers vocalizing of ageless passion as they sail on a moonlit river.7 The writer besides quoted a few lines from the popular vocals which every paan store in the metropolis used to play, Chalo dil daar chalo and Saari raat chalet chalte . There is a portraiture of the pleasance when both the misss went to the theatre by beating their categories. Somehow they were frightened but besides enjoyed their new experience because that clip parents did non let misss to travel the film hall. There is a description of an old Indian film hall in the narrative. The cold-drink sellers with their carts filled with bright-orange Fantas and pale-yellow Juslas, the slabs of ice sudating under jute bagging, have gone place, holding sold out everything. But the cold darkness of the film is a charming state, no less fantastic than the images gleaming bright as gems on the screen. Air-conditioned breezes wash over us like a approval, and the slow swoosh of the ceiling fans is every bit cheering as a whispered cradlesong. 8 If we talk through the autobiographical point of position we can happen out that the few features of Anju are really much similar to the author herself. Anju is fond of books particularly in English literature and she wants to analyze farther. She was excited to travel to America because she already knew that there she can acquire a right counsel for her higher surveies in English Literature. In the novel Anju says, It eventually seems existent that in less than three months every bit shortly as the summer vacations is over I ll get down in the English honours plan at Lady Brabourne College 9. She was attracted towards the authorship of Virginia Woolf and Elizabeth Barrett Browning. Somehow that s the same narrative of Divakaruni s life besides. That s true that Anju s life is non every bit same as Divakaruni s but through this character we can acquire a glimpse or image of Divakaruni s past life. There is a point of an autobiographical component in the character of Anju because of her wonts, desires, and her manner of looking towards the things. In her teenage old ages Anju read books like Anna Karenina, Sons and Lovers, A Room of One s Own, and Beowulf. She was sword lily that she did and wants to be a author. Books are really much stopping point to her. She expresses her positions, Books! I ll direct away for books that are difficult to happen in this state. Books by authors the nuns reference disapprovingly. Kate Chopin. Sylvia Plath. Books where adult females do all sorts of loony, brave, fantastic things. I want the latest novels, to give me a gustatory sensation of London and New York and Amsterdam. I want books that will spirit me into the coffeehouse and cabarets of Paris, the plantations of Louisiana, the rain woods of the Amazon and the Australian outback. 10 Except all this, the writer mentioned her ain consciousness of colour and gustatory sensation of India. India is good known for its colourful fabrics and assortment of nutrient. Salwaar-Kameezes soft as a bady s tegument, coloured like morning. Saris made of the finest translucent silk, the sort that can be pulled through a ring. Scarves shimmering like a Inachis io s pharynx 11. Divakaruni presented a existent gustatory sensation of India in the novel The Mistress of Spices ( 1997 ) , in which she highlights the heterogeneousness of Indian cookery by calling each chapter of the novel after a different spice, e.g. Curcuma longa, cinnamon, Greek clover, fennel, ginger, peppercorn, kalojire, neem, etc. Divakaruni novel mingles spiritual superstitious notions, ancient Hindu mythology, and traditional Ayurvedic medical cognition with American socio-cultural anxiousnesss of the ninetiess. As she explained in an interview, the fresh trade with a yesteryear that is set in a fabulous India, but the present is really much set in Oakland, California ( Rasiah, 148 ) 12. The symbolic phantasy and fable represents the charming powers of a spiritualist adult female of Indian heritage. Tilottama ( Tilo ) , named after benne seeds, the spice of nutriment, who runs an Indian food market shop, Spice Bazaar , in Oakland. Divakaruni has written about the characteristics of benne seeds in her novel, Til is the benne seed, under the sway of planet Venus, gold-brown as through merely touched by fire. The flower of which is so little and consecutive and pointed that female parents pray for their miss kids to hold olfactory organs shaped like it. Til which land into paste with sandal wood remedies diseases of bosom and liver, til which fried in its ain oil restores lustre when 1 has lost involvement in life. 13 Divakaruni has religious accomplishments which help to handle her multi-generational and multiracial shoppers emotional, physical, and religious unwellnesss. Her strong point prevarications in her beat and evocative descriptions of the charming power of spices and the island civilization. She believes that every spice has peculiar powers and they may assist us to come out of different problems. The writer wondrous described the utilizations of every spice and its spiritualty. Such as, Turmeric which is besides named hauld, intending xanthous, coloring material of dawn and conch-shell sound. Turmeric the refinisher, maintaining nutrients safe in a land of heat and hungriness. Turmeric the auspicious spice, placed on the caputs of neonates for fortune, sprinkled over coconuts at pujas, rubbed into the boundary lines of marrying saree. Kalojire, spice of the dark planet Ketu, defender against the evil oculus. Spice that is bluish, black and glistering like the forest Sundarban where it was foremost found. Kalojire shaped like a teardrop, smelling natural and wild like Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams, to cover over what destiny has written. Coriander seed, sphere-shaped like the Earth, for uncluttering your sight. When you soak it and imbibe, the H2O purges you of old guilts. 14 She was able to cover wondrous with this sort of description merely because of her past accomplishments. She got the sense from her ascendants, her grandma, and her cognition towards the Hindu legends where allopathic intervention was non at all accessible merely Ayurvedic medical was in pattern. They used to believe that every spice has a particular power and something charming is there behind all this. Therefore, somehow all these are her personal acquaintances which she wants to portion with her readers. She besides gave us the sense of Hindu festivals and nakshatra, when one of a client of Tilo explains her significance of ekadasi, Aunty today is ekadasi you know, 11th twenty-four hours of the Moon, and my mother-in-law being a widow must non eat rice 15. Divakaruni besides used a batch of Hindi words in her novel The Mistress of Spices, particularly the name of spices and nutrient like adhrak, dhania, raita, pakoras, gulab-jamuns, akhrot, chandan, ajwain, atta, rawa, papad, chapati, sabji, kheer, amchur, pulao, rasmalai, tulsi, etc. Except this we can besides analyze few words which we usually use in our native linguistic communication ( Hindi ) such as sindur, bajara, janwaar, keramat, chhodomainu, shikara, sarpakanya, paanparaag, shehnai, khuda-hafiz, and the remainder. It shows that how the writer is connected towards her ain root and she wants to maintain these memories safe in her personal every bit good as professional life. It marks her composing close to autobiography. Divakaruni upholds the heat for her cultural surroundings, sing India reasonably on a regular basis. Her hubby is of South Indian descent and they have two immature boies Anand and Adhay. She says in one of her interviews, It s of import to keep a sense of cultural individuality. Everyone makes picks of what in their civilization is of import to them. I do wear Indian apparels, particularly when I do formal events, and even when I teach. We go to Chinmaya mission, a large Hindu organisation for religious values, and our male childs go to Sunday school at that place . She farther says, The manner I grew up, there was a batch of things for them were a batch of regard for people in the household parents, grandparents. We did a batch for them, and they did a batch for us. I want my male childs to turn up with that, non believing you merely take attention of yourself and that s it. It s a inquiry of equilibrating what the single wants and what s good for the household . 16 Divakaruni s few novels are for kids as Neela: Victory Song ( 2006 ) , The Conch Bearer ( 2005 ) , and The Mirror of Fire and Dreaming ( 2005 ) . She is turning her consciousness to assist South Asiatic American kids like her ain immature male childs, to understand about their background or roots. She thinks that South Asiatic kids have really few books that are based on their civilization. Therefore, it s so indispensable for kids to see themselves reflected in their literature in a important manner. She wants to give them characters like Neela and Anand, who are courageous and strong. One of her characters Anand is on the name of her ain kid. Through her narratives she gave them the sense of freedom combatants life during the battle for the freedom of India, the scene of Howrah station, and Himalaya part. She successfully depicted the image of India in her narratives after all she is besides a portion of it. She says in one of her interviews, I think I am traveling back to a really old tradition of literature or art that is supposed to convey out our better egos. Literature hence becomes an instrument of opening up our spiritualty. That is why the antediluvian heroic poems in India continue to be read, studied, recited, and venerated, in the hope that they will do us into better people. This is by and large non the end of what is being written in modern-day literature. In a unusual manner, by traveling back to this really ancient ideal of literature and utilizing it in our authorship, we may go really extremist. 17 Image of Immigrant- As a long term inhabitant of America and besides an inheritor of a Bengali emigrant household, Divakaruni has a double personality. On one manus it would come out utile as it permits an inimitable penetration and the possibility to burden and compare cultural fluctuations and enrich her life. Though, it has the characteristic of a dual expatriate. She finds herself non to the full received by either society and is separated from the local experience and an unfamiliar individual to her topographic point of beginning. In the field of unfavorable judgment, Divakaruni s work has drawn notable comments in anthologies where it has been featured. She is connected to other modern-day authors of Asiatic bequest, peculiarly adult females, and following to those who left India and wished to compose in English. In this respect, an intensifying figure of bookman and critics point out her composing within the model of intercontinental. Rajini Srikanth, for case, is interested in specifying the freshness and specificity of modern-day adult females authors of Indian descent. Nalini Iyer insists on new narrative manners for diasporic topics . Ketu H. Katrak contends that classs of race, ethnicity and state, along with gender, category, faith and linguistic communication are at interest when diasporic individualities and communities are being created. In consideration of Divakaruni s short narratives, Sau-ling C. Wong s survey examines the impossibleness of entire Americanisation, in resistance to the strong desire of supporters to liberate themselves from the patriarchal and smothering Asiatic background.18 Salmaan Rushdie besides admits that the plants of any immigrant author is an attempt to come to conditions with and to animate her or his ain sense of the mislaid fatherland. Chita Banerjee is an illustration of an immigrant whose artistic quality is non purely existent but self-confirmative. She is soon one of the well-known writers of self-reflexive authorship, who chose to bring forth an image of India, non entirely based on accurate exactitude, but portray a personal vision of a fantasy state. The method of composing a manner of fiction where the writer is prejudiced by her or his ain personal convulsion produces works with strong autobiographical hints, which prompt and take the migratory author. Therefore, the immigrant s double position of her state of version and her fatherland is a consequence of the authorising power of life in two heads infinite unable to acquire a pes clasp in moreover civilization. Whether set in America or India, Divakaruni s plots characteristic an Indian Born adult female torn between new and old universe values. She gives uses her optical maser like penetration and skilled usage of lyrical portraiture, secret plan, and narrative to give her readers a many dimensional expression at the characters. The writer depicted their ain universe, which is filled with find, hope, and fright. Whether it is Calcutta, Chicago, or California ; adult females learn to go accustomed in their new and altering civilization. As a consequence they find out their ain sense of ego amidst joy and grief. Opening with her first book of short-stories, Arranged Marriage ( 1995 ) , Chitra has remained realistic to her feminist impulse. Bound on in usage as though it was an ill-fitting saree, her female supporters have frequently resisted with supplanting, desperation, and domestic maltreatment. The writer of National Book Award winning fresh Waiting ( 1999 ) Ha Jin has given his reappraisal for it, This is an extraordinary aggregation, intelligently conceived and passionately written. Most of the narratives illuminate the hurting, loss, and disaffection of the immigrant experience and transform them into the play of our common human being. Besides elegance and delectation, we can besides happen wisdom here. 19 The taking characters in her novels Sister of my Heart ( 1999 ) and its subsequence The Vine of Desire ( 2002 ) plus the outstanding novel The Mistress of Spices ( 1997 ) ; all make paths to the United States from South Asia. These Indian adult females become accustomed to their new land and turning chances even as their oldest knots to tradition and household are pulled tight and get down to frazzle. Thus, In Divakaruni s works the scene of the narratives is to some extent autobiographical and based on the lives of immigrants. Her fresh Sister of my Heart took topographic point in Calcutta, whereas in the Mistress of Spices and in her short narrative aggregation Arranged Marriage she traveled around the immigrant acquaintance in the class of Indian adult female in American state. She says, Well, in-migration has been cardinal to my ain life experience. Immigration is what made me see my civilization with new eyes, one time I moved midway across the universe from it. It made me desire to compose so I could get down understanding my experiences in America. I continue to compose in order to understand. 20 The Trauma of 9/11- After 9/11, Divakaruni was dying with bias against Indian-Americans. Soon after September 11 when terrorists attacked on the World Trade Center, the writer wanted to compose about it. She wrote a batch of articles in newspapers and magazines but somehow it was a personal response. She wrote imposingly for good housework titled Bing Dark-Skinned in a Dark Time . Besides wrote a subdivision for the Los Angeles Times about her ain experience of seting up a flag became a double-edged blade for people who might look Middle Eastern. The force against many minority groups after this incident preponderantly affected her. It was a large oculus opener for everyone. It was such a painful and powerful lesson in how different people saw America. She expressed her personal sentiment about it in her confab with Susan Comninos, As an American, I wanted to demo my support and my nationalism. I wanted to set up a flag. On the other manus, letters were being circulated in my community that said Put up a flag for your ain safety. Then I felt, why should I have to set up a flag for my ain safety? Why should I hold to turn out I m non a bad individual, merely because I look a certain manner? And so it became a really ambivalent gesture. I did set up a flag, but every clip I looked at it, I was visited by these really different feelings. I know a batch of people in my community felt the same manner. So I did those immediate pieces of authorship, which were much more autobiographical. But the inquiry of what happened-and how, in hard times, a seeable minority becomes a target-continued to concern me. I felt really strongly about it. I had to happen a more lasting literary infinite to set it in. So, when I started composing Queen of Dreams, I knew I wanted to convey 9/11 into it. The book may be coming out three old ages subsequently, but the concern was at that place right from the beginning. It takes clip to digest the experience and transform it into a literary, non-autobiographical signifier. And this is how long it took me.21 Therefore, her book Queen of Dreams ( 2004 ) depicts 9/11 and its cultural aftershocks, including a scene in which bigoted Whites attack South Asians in America. Divakaruni truly tried to experience what was go oning in our community was so sad. That was a national calamity should hold brought us as one, yet so many communities were in fright of what would happen to them. She had started seting all these thoughts together in her book. She started composing this when they used to populate in the Bay country. Right before 9/11, she was merely seting together the ideas for a new novel. When the 9 /11 happened it distressed her strongly on many degrees. First it was the national calamity itself and there were effects on her community besides ; secondly the South Asiatic American community experienced instead a spot of violent hatred offenses, which other groups of people felt every bit good like Arad Americans. She had to compose about all these episodes. The writer besides wanted to research the sense of enigma about the existence. Different people come out of the same event by experiencing and seeing different things. 9/11 is such an illustration for some who reacted with great fright and others with force. The world operates really otherwise with Rakhi ( the supporter of the novel ) and her female parent in the Queen of Dreams. The fresh inquiries how we arrive at our state of world and whether there is merely one world. Harmonizing to the writer we need to work on it, all of us together specially to observe each other s differences and to understand each other. For her Literature is a great locale and she thinks that books ask for us into other civilisations and the lives of people from those societies. She believes that from the deep interior, we all are fighting with similar issues. Geting familiar with traditions that might foremost be unfamiliar to readers is one method to open up their heads and see those resemblances. She explained, I truly felt a demand to compose books about my civilization, to demo kids what it was like from the interior. I am certain you know how of import it is to see oneself reflected in literature and art in positive and complex ways. I besides wanted kids of other civilizations to be invited into my civilization and to associate to characters who are Indian. 22 This episode hearted her severely ; therefore we can see its effects on her plants. Whatever she personally feels, she discussed it in her authorship to portion all this with her readers. May be the name of the characters, their life and plot line are non really much personal but their interior feeling, battle, struggle or their point of positions is the same. Impact of her gramps s influence- We can easy detect the early impact of household background in Chitra Banerjee s plant. She grew up in a really traditional household, where so much regard has been given to their seniors. Divakaruni was really much influenced from the narratives of her gramps. This has been an indispensable subject in her composing right from the start. She has ever believed that stating a narrative is really powerful in itself. It transforms the Teller every bit good as the hearer. This possibility comes out of her ain milieus, where her gramps was a great narrator in unwritten. In her childhood, she went to pass summer vacations with him in her paternal small town. At that clip there was no running H2O and no electricity but still it was rather a charming topographic point for her. Every flushing her gramps would illume a kerosine lamp and called all of her cousins together. Normally he told them the narratives out of our heroic poems like the Ramayana, the Mahabharata and from the folk tales or f airy narratives such as the Panchtantra. Therefore, she has developed a great love for the folktale tradition and heroic poem narratives. She has tried to intertwine much of it into her plants. This point is chiefly for Sister of my Heart ( 1999 ) , this is a novel in which storytelling takes on a great significance. The scene of the narratives shows us the existent image of Calcutta ; their traditions, imposts, nutrient, fabrics, rites, and so on. Through this novel, we can picture the life manner of misss in early Calcutta. The two adult females are brought up on traditional narratives and myths dictated by their aunts. This affects their visions towards the universe and their topographic point in it. Subsequently, when they gone through the times of problem so they re-tell these narratives to each other and gain strength from them. The writer has besides divided the book into two parts with the name of narratives one The Princess in the Palace of Snakes and other The Queen of Swords . She says for it, I was really fortunate to hold a gramps who told me a batch of the traditional common people narratives and some of those narratives are the same 1s I have put into Si ster of my Heart 23. We can detect another illustration of her gramps s large influence in her novel The Palace of Illusions ( 2008 ) . This is a revising of the Mahabharata which takes us back from today s life to a clip that seems unaccessible. But really it speaks to us about our modern hunt of truth and apprehension of life. The critical figure in this novel is Panchaali, while in the traditional heroic poem she is called Draupadi. Divakaruni has heard the narrative of the Mahabharata and Ramayana all the clip from her gramps when she was turning up. She loved to hear about the unbelievable utilizations of Godhead warrior heroes such as Krishna and Ram plus their charming arms. The ground behind the inspiration for this novel is besides really much personal because from her childhood she loved the great adult females of the heroic poems even more than work forces. While listening to the narratives of the Mahabharta, she realized that Draupadi was neer at the centre of the narrative. As in many heroic poems, the cardinal topographic point was reserved for work forces, with arms, wars, tribunal manoeuvres, and scheme. It appears that composing with the purpose to put adult females at the centre of her work has been another one of her enterprises. Divakaruni explained about her work in an interview, If we look at the universe as it is, puting a adult female in the centre of your work is extremist plenty, giving her the humanity, leting her to state her narrative. It makes her into a hero because she is construing the universe for us through her eyes. The narrative of Panchaali in The Palace of Illusions begins with her birth and ends with her decease. She is the Teller of everything, and everything in the book is what she has seen, heard, and interpreted, sometimes on a actual degree, but sometimes through dream visions, which is besides a portion of the mythic tradition. 24 Divakaruni s latest novel One Amazing Thing is besides a fantastic illustration of her accomplishments for stating narratives. Her gramps s storytelling connected to the values he gave her in the name of religious or cultural upbringing and its effects on her authorship really good. In this novel besides she tried to convey reciprocally things out of her heritage and in fact traveling back into the early heritage of Indian literature, every bit good as the really multicultural and planetary society in which she lives at that place in America. The universe has ever been cosmopolitan but more so at the present it has besides turn into multicultural. In One Amazing Thing, all the nine characters are supporters. In the starting of the narrative they all are catched by a major temblor in an Indian visa office in the cellar of a high-rise edifice in the United States. There is no manner to acquire off and so the lone thing they can make is to do the best of their fortunes. After that one o f the characters Uma petitions that each of them will state a narrative out of their yesteryear, somewhat that they have neer been able to state anybody. As they are looking frontward to acquire release, they tell these narratives. In footings of the constellation of this book, where everyone gets every bit of import, the writer goes back to old-timer storytelling signifiers, like the Panchatantra. It is a aggregation of the wise animate being narratives, where all of the animate beings tell narratives from which everyone in the group can derive cognition from it. Therefore, there is a sense of the autobiographical facets because of the technique of storytelling which she has learned from her gramps. Except the subdivision of storytelling this book besides gave us the sense that due to our positive attempts and hope we can come out of our bad fortunes. She shared her positions that, Some issues in this book are related to my ain experience in 2005, when Hurricane Rita was coming through. Since Houston had to be evacuated, we were stuck on the expressway. What happens when you evacuate such a big metropolis all at one time is that cipher gets to travel anyplace. We were on Interstate 10 for many hours, and at that place was a batch of terror. Out of that terror, bad behaviour arose, together with astonishing, compassionate attitudes. In the book One Amazing Thing, I wanted to research the religious inquiry of what we do in such fortunes, a inquiry for each of the characters and hopefully for the readers. 25 The characters in the novel all mean a journey to India, for so many different motivations. That is why they are in the consular office acquiring their visas. Merely two of them are Indian and the others are from assorted ages, races, and of the truly different socioeconomic milieus. With the usage of a really old storytelling method, the narratives lead to more narratives. One narrative set the hearers to chew over about how it applies to their lives, and to eventually come up with their ain narrative, the pick of which is influenced by the earlier narrative. Therefore, while the narratives are in discourse with one another, the characters are besides in conversation with each other. We witness this attack in the Panchatantra, to some extent in The Arabian Nights, and besides in the heroic poems such as the Mahabharata and the Ramayana. Divakaruni wanted to mix it with what she considered a really modern dramatis personae of characters, to see what would turn out. She farther said t hat, It is my belief that we all have these narratives, but we have neer been taught to value them or to even look for them and acknowledge them. Actually, I could merely go a author when I began to believe that I had a narrative that was deserving stating when I trusted that people would be interested in listening to it. As the characters start stating their narratives, it begins to alter something in them and decidedly in the others. The concluding astonishing thing of the book is that it brings together aliens, who in the beginning are really disquieted and panicky, particularly at being shut in with people so different from them.26 So, Chitra Banerjee is a author whose plants are non wholly autobiographical, but someway her experiences and patterns inspired her to the every narrative of her books via different ways. We can easy indicate out the glance of her gramps s influence and the early impact of her household background in her authorship. This is a strong point to picture the traits of autobiography in Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni s plants. Through her authorship she wants to reform the society and convey everyone closer by utilizing her ain lessons of life and incidents. Therefore, Mrs. Divakaruni s narratives are every bit resistless as the urge that leads her characters to come up into adulthood, raising their caputs above inundations of Ag ignorance. ( New York Times Book Review ) 27 Sense of Dislocation- Chiefly Divakaruni s novels strengthen the basic experiential attack of interior disruption. The characters turn around their exaggerated self-consciousness and diffidence. They are basically alone existences and they experience a rupture from society. In such a alone endurance they feel undistinguished and threatened. They are dying by the noticeable insignificance of being. Hence, they explore for significance by conceive ofing being alone. But even in the thick of this pretend individualism, they feel scared and immaterial. Divakaruni s authorship is packed by her ain patterns as a first-generation migrator and a adult female between variable traditions and civilizations. Her apprehensiveness for adult females of her ain heritage is broadcasted non merely through her award-winning novels and short narratives but besides by her part with organisations ; that s purpose is to assist South Asiatic American and South Asiatic adult females in state of affairss of domestic force and torment, in the Houston and San Francisco Bay country. In 1991, with a group of friends, she established a help-line to do available different sorts of services to Indian American adult females. The most indispensable things the help-line voluntaries do is to listen and be a compassionate. She explained, At Berkeley, I volunteered at the adult females s centre. As I got more involved, I become interested in assisting beat-up adult females force against adult females crosses cultural boundary lines and educational degrees. Then, easy, I focused on adult females in my community.28 Therefore, the subject of abused adult females, as we know, is of import and comes once more and once more in a figure of books ; slightly because of the work she has done in the community with domestic force or fierceness. She expressed her personal experiences and apprehensions in forepart of her readers via these narratives. That s truly of import for the autobiographical point of position besides. We can easy happen the characters of autobiography in it. In her authorship, domestic ferociousness is explored from many diverse angles. Inspired by the life narratives of these adult females, Divakaruni published a short narrative aggregation Arranged Marriage ( 1995 ) , which told us about their bravery and their maltreatment. Set wholly in India, a beat-up adult female makes a pick to travel back to her maltreater. That s same someway in her farther short-story aggregation The Lifes of Strangers ( 2001 ) . This gathered work characteristics narratives set in America and India. Divak aruni clarifies the changes of personal scenes brought approximately by the picks adult females and work forces make at every stage of their lives. Therefore, Beautifully told narratives of transformed livesaˆÂ ¦.Both liberated and trapped by cultural alterations on both sides of the ocean, these adult females struggle ferociously to carve out an individuality of their ain. ( San Francisco Chronicle ) 29 In The Mistress of Spices, a adult female in similar fortunes, brought approximately partially by her colonisation, is cut off at one time from her full support system of household and other adult females who might assist her, and she has to do a determination. At the terminal of much painful thought and seeking out different things, she decides to go forth the relationship. The few supporters in her novels are largely unsettled confronting a hostile universe around them. The abandoning of the traditional additive construction of the novel provides them with the range for embroidering her novels with a broad usage of originals, motives, and symbols. There are besides a few dream visions and sequences, which the author uses to be after the interior agony of her sensitive characters. Remembrance of past memories causes terrific mental perturbations in most of the characters. It is because many of the discrepancies and torment suffered by her are rooted in some past occurrence, normally in the societal milieus. Her novels hint the altering forms of civilisation, particularly because of migration. Chitra Banerjee is a acute perceiver of society and whatever she observed, we can easy calculate out in her plants. Attitude towards religion- Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni was born in 1957 in Calcutta, India. One of her premier reminiscences is that of her gramps told her the narratives from ancient Indian heroic poems like the Mahabharata and the Ramayana. She quickly noticed that fascinatingly, unlike the male heroes, the cardinal dealingss the adult females had were with their lovers, boies, hubbies, or antagonists. They did non hold any of import female comrades. This topic would finally go really indispensable to Divakaruni s authorship. The writer was raised as and still she is a pious Hindu. She has grown up with the elements of the fabulous narratives, folk tales, and the narratives of thaumaturgy. Though Divakaruni is familiar with the Hindu doctrine ; she has quote liberally from Mahabharata in her fresh Palace of Illusions ( 2008 ) . She is non on the whole a really spiritual individual but instead she uses her acquaintance as an added adornment in her fiction. Divakaruni one time explained her ground for authorshi p, There is certain spiritualty, non needfully spiritual the kernel of spiritualty that is at the bosom of the Indian mind that finds the Godhead in everything. It was of import for me to get down composing about my ain world and that of my community. 30 The Palace of Illusion is yet a blend of modern concerns with the heritage of the fatherland. The Bhagavad Gita is at the centre of the Mahabharata and it considered to be the heroic poem which is most closely connected to Hinduism. The writer could non cover with it in the novel but she placed Krishna as Panchaali s usher, comrade, and protagonist from the really beginning of her life. In fact, Krishna gives Panchaali messages from the Bhagavad Gita all the manner through the text, but he works it into day-to-day talk. In Divakaruni s attack, we can see the move from a customary spiritual position to a much tremendous religious perceptual experience. She used to pass her summer holiday with her aunt in Rourkela, a little town really different in spirit from Calcutta, where she lived. She got the sense of spiritual imposts in the company of her aunt. She shared her memories, My aunt besides taught me a supplication ritual, or vrata, popular among single misss. This ritual involved a hebdomadal fast, the assemblage of certain foliages and flowers, the pouring of H2O over a statue of Shiva and a chant 31. Those experiences are a really indispensable portion of her life and we can easy picture it in her novels such as Sister of my Heart ( 1999 ) and Mistress of Spices ( 1997 ) . In her book The Mistress of Spices, she gave some enlightenment on the charming power behind the different spices and its connexion with spiritualty. She besides made an attempt to associate them with the holy liquors like Shri Ram, Shabari, Sita mom, and so on. As, For all of them in the eventide I burn tulsi, basil which is the works of humbleness, curber of self-importance. The sweet fume of basil whose gustatory sensation know on my ain lingua, for many times the Old One has burned it for me excessively. Basil scared to Shri Ram, which slakes the craving for power, which turns the ideas inward, off from sophistication. Further, Fenugreek methi, speckled seed foremost sown by Shabari, oldest adult female in the world.32 She discussed about the power of those spices and her attitude towards the spiritual point of position is really much lucid. She was able to make justness with these illustrations merely because of her childhood patterns and her concern towards faith. She compared chilly with Lanka someplace in the book and besides gave a really acute and evident description about Lanka s significance. The dry chili, lanka, is the most powerful of spices. In its blister-red tegument, the most beautiful. Its other name is danger. The chilli sings in the voice of a hawk circling sun-bleached hills where nil grows. I lankawas born of Agni, God of fire. I dripped from his fingertips to convey gustatory sensation to this bland Earth. 33 In her another fresh Sister of my Heart, we can detect the illustrations of her spiritual concern. She tried to give us an thought about the importance Kalighat Temple every bit good as Durga-Puja. The spiritual civilization which she predicted in her novel is really much stopping point to Calcutta. Even the matrimony ceremonial was in Calcutta manner. This metropolis is worldwide celebrated for Durga-Puja and their religion towards Ma Kali. They keep a good religion in God and a small superstitious besides about it. There is description of Bidhata Purush besides in the book and he was considered as future shaper of a newborn babe. One of the characters in the narrative explained that, The Bidhata Purush is tall and has a long, spun-silk face fungus like the astrologist my female parent visits each month to happen out what the planets have in shop for her. He is dressed in a robe made of the finest white cotton, his fingers drip visible radiation, and his pess do non touch the land as he glides towards us.34 Therefore, all these cases someway make her plants near to autobiography. Decision Divakaruni is persuaded that the written word is really of import to continue and retrieving the history, that s why she started composing in the first topographic point. She spent a batch of old ages of her life in India, after that she moved to the United States to analyze at Wright State University in Dayton, Ohio. Writing was decidedly non an awaited portion of her but it may hold potted her individuality. Subsequently on she moved to California to prosecute her doctors degree in English literature at UC-Berkeley. Chitra Banerjee was seeking to acquire settled into her life in America when her gramps died. After this episode she recalls, I realized [ so ] how much I had forgotten already about India and life at that place. I started composing as an action to forestall myself from burying. It was a really personal thing 35. And so she began her composing profession. But her books are frequently set in her in a heartfelt way loved new place, the San Francisco Bay country. She does nt merely look to the yesteryear ; in fact, she endeavored to unite her cognition of the migratory experience with her acquaintance of a diverse and affluent scene. Though she is soon teaching literature at the University of Houston, but still she and her household like to pass their summers back in California. Therefore, she is composing about the locations where she spent her life. She says, For major characters, I do remain within the community, because that s what knows best. There are the people I know more so than people I might see or run into from the exteriors. And there s ever something naming me, excessively, to the Bay Area. That s the topographic point I know best ; that s place. I know its hills, the streets, the markets, the odors, and the sounds. So I can compose with more authorization. The other topographic point is Calcutta, because that s where I have spent most of my clip when I m in India. Both of those topographic points have an emotional resonance for me. 36 Divakaruni s authorship is stimulated by her ain patterns as a first-generation migrator and a adult female, who ever lived between traditions and civilizations. Her concern for adult females of her ain heritage is broadcasted non merely through her award-winning novels and short narratives but besides her association with organisations that s purpose is to assist out South Asiatic American or South Asiatic adult females in the state of affairss of domestic maltreatment and hurt, in the San Francisco Bay c

How Women Entrepreneurs Lead and Why They Manage That Way Essays

How Women Entrepreneurs Lead and Why They Manage That Way Essays How Women Entrepreneurs Lead and Why They Manage That Way Essay How Women Entrepreneurs Lead and Why They Manage That Way Essay An International Journal Emerald Article: How women entrepreneurs lead and why they manage that way Dorothy Perrin Moore, Jamie L. Moore, Jamie W. Moore Article information: To cite this document: Dorothy Perrin Moore, Jamie L. Moore, Jamie W. Moore, (2011),How women entrepreneurs lead and why they manage that way, Gender in Management: An International Journal, Vol. 26 Iss: 3 pp. 220 233 Permanent link to this document: http://dx. doi. org/10. 108/17542411111130981 Downloaded on: 12-02-2013 References: This document contains references to 86 other documents Citations: This document has been cited by 3 other documents To copy this document: [emailprotected] com This document has been downloaded 1526 times since 2011. *Users who downloaded this Article also downloaded: * Dorothy Perrin Moore, Jamie L. Moore, Jamie W. Moore, (2011),How women entrepreneurs lead and why they manage that way, Gender in Management: An International Journal, Vol. 26 Iss: 3 pp. 20 2 33 http://dx. doi. org/10. 1108/17542411111130981 Dorothy Perrin Moore, Jamie L. Moore, Jamie W. Moore, (2011),How women entrepreneurs lead and why they manage that way, Gender in Management: An International Journal, Vol. 26 Iss: 3 pp. 220 233 http://dx. doi. org/10. 1108/17542411111130981 Dorothy Perrin Moore, Jamie L. Moore, Jamie W. Moore, (2011),How women entrepreneurs lead and why they manage that way, Gender in Management: An International Journal, Vol. 26 Iss: 3 pp. 220 233 http://dx. doi. org/10. 108/17542411111130981 Access to this document was granted through an Emerald subscription provided by CURTIN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY For Authors: If you would like to write for this, or any other Emerald publication, then please use our Emerald for Authors service. Information about how to choose which publication to write for and submission guidelines are available for all. Please visit www. emeraldinsight. com/authors for more information. About Emerald www. emeraldinsight. com With over forty years experience, Emerald GroupPublishing is a leading independent publisher of global research with impact in business, society, public policy and education. In total, Emerald publishes over 275 journals and more than 130 book series, as well as an extensive range of online products and services. Emerald is both COUNTER 3 and TRANSFER compliant. The organization is a partner of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and also works with Portico and the LOCKSS initiative for digital archive preservation. *Related content and download information correct at time of download.The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at www. emeraldinsight. com/1754-2413. htm GM 26,3 How women entrepreneurs lead and why they manage that way Dorothy Perrin Moore The Citadel School of Business Administration, Sullivan’s Island, South Carolina, USA 220 Jamie L. Moore Long Island Forum for Technology, Applied Science Center, Bethpage, New York, USA, and Jami e W. Moore The Citadel School of Business Administration, Sullivan’s Island, South Carolina, USA and DJM Consulting, Charleston, South Carolina, USA AbstractPurpose – The purpose of this paper is to present six testable propositions to guide future research on the power of the trust building, interactive transformational leadership style women employ to succeed in corporate environments and which they further re? ne as entrepreneurs. Design/methodology/approach – The propositions are drawn from ? ndings in the ? elds of management, entrepreneurship, organizational behavior, leadership, teamwork and trust. Findings – In organizational life, to move beyond outsider stereotypes, women employ collaborative behaviors to create a climate of trust in work teams.As managers and later as entrepreneurs, their leadership style yields a number of performance enhancing outcomes. Originality/value – Little research links the leadership style of women in organiza tions to their later entrepreneurial ventures. The propositions and recommendations for testing offered here provide several methods to carry out empirical and theoretical studies. Keywords Transformational leadership, Trust, Women, Team working Paper type Research paper Introduction Over the past several decades, the forces of rapid economic and technological change, the in? x of women and minorities into the workforce, the economic shift to a post industrial, global economy and an investment market emphasis on short-term pro? ts combined to reshape organizations. Major components of the change included organizational restructuring, the erosion of employee trust, increasingly greater workforce diversity and the emergence of work teams as drivers of ? rm performance. Concurrently, many women in organizations, mostly con? ned to the lower and middle management levels and in the majority of ? ms denied any opportunity to move Gender in Management: An International Journal Vol. 26 No. 3, 2011 pp. 220-233 q Emerald Group Publishing Limited 1754-2413 DOI 10. 1108/17542411111130981 â€Å"Women entrepreneurs style of transformational leadership and performance outcomes: an interactive approach to building a climate of trust† – an earlier version of this paper was previously presented at the United States Association of Small Business and Entrepreneurship Conference, Hilton Head Island, South Carolina, and published in the USASBE 2011 Conference Proceedings. nto upper management (Bass and Avolio, 1994; Dencker, 2008), made the transition to private ownership (Bullough et al. , 2010). Taking their corporate experience and management style with them, they founded businesses at twice the rate of men and were equally successful (Moore and Buttner, 1997; Moore, 2010). This work connects the approach used by women in corporate environments with research in the ? elds of entrepreneurship, leadership, teamwork and trust to explore the management and leadership t rategy common to women entrepreneurs. The propositions that emerge are based on ? ndings that trust, governance and team member relationships have mutual, complimentary effects (Puranam and Vanneste, 2009; Faems et al. , 2008), that conceptualizations of trust vary widely (Bigley and Pearce, 1998) and that the style of leadership practiced by women owners, which has a pronounced impact on employer-employee interactions and performance outcomes (Karakowsky and Siegel, 1999), enhances trust and productivity. We begin by ? st examining the work environments women construct through their interactive transformational leadership to create a climate of trust that enables employees to move from outsiders to being insiders. We then examine the phenomenon of trust, the in? uence of gender and diversity in trust building and the development of highly productive, team-centered enterprises. We conclude by offering suggestions on how the propositions of the entrepreneurial woman’s leadersh ip style may be tested and suggestions for further research.Background and development Organizations and changes in leadership styles Over the past decades, to deal with globalization, more intense competition and other forces for change, corporate managers employed new technologies to reduce layers of bureaucracy and trim the number of long-term employees while simultaneously raising productivity by relying on well coordinated work teams (Ilgen and Sheppard, 2001).It worked because with the new information sharing systems people with differing backgrounds, information sets, resources, perspectives and problem-solving approaches could be brought together to contribute to a collective creativity in environments real or virtual (Mannix and Neale, 2005). The best results were achieved when teams were built by assembling people with the skills needed and permitting them to operate in a culture that encouraged openness, knowledge sharing and empowerment (Davis et al. , 2000).Well-functio ning teams thus required a style of leadership conducive to constructing a climate of trust and the free exchange of information (Mannix and Neale, 2005, pp. 41-2). The problem was that the ongoing and widespread restructuring that reduced the numbers of employees and eliminated many of the bene? ts of those who remained had eroded trust: queried in 2009, more than half of American workers said they did not trust their organization’s leaders and an even higher percentage felt their employer had violated their contractual relationship (Dirks et al. , 2009). Further complicating the roblems of leadership were the presence of biases inherent in organizational groupings that formerly had been homogenous (Mannix and Neale, 2005). With work teams now critical to organizational productivity (Salamon and Robinson, 2008), organizations needed a management style that encouraged the creation of a culture of trust to enable them to deal with periods of uncertainly or the eruption of a bu siness crisis (McKnight and Chervany, 2006). How women entrepreneurs lead 221 GM 26,3 The interactive transformational style of leadership provided an answer and was increasingly employed.Women in organizations As work environments became more diverse, women moved into work roles traditionally occupied by men. The numerous obstacles they encountered included hostile wok climates (Kossek et al. , 2003) and stereotypical negative behaviors (Ely, 1995). Lacking role models and supportive relationships in organizations (Ely, 1994, p. 203; Liff and Ward, 2001), highly visible but isolated, often marginalized and denied access to power (Sealy, 2010), they learned from experience to practice collaborative and interactive job behaviors to moderate the effects of gender biases (LePine et al. 2002). To attain a management position, many women had to ? rst overcome their outsider status, then meet requirements more stringent than their male counterparts, and once in a position of leadership ac t more skillfully to avoid backlash (Tharenou, 1999; Oakley, 2000). They thus brought to positions of leadership a repertoire of behaviors consistent with what people expect from women, in order to ease the transition and acceptance into the group (Gupta et al. 2009), and also to avoid or lessen the negative reactions most had experienced from exerting authority, particularly over men, or displaying a too high level of competence or appearing to dominate (Eagly et al. , 2003, pp. 572-4; van Engen et al. , 2001; Madlock, 2008). Women as leaders The style in which women lead has been relatively unstudied and few researchers have examined how they build trust in entrepreneurial teams. Finding in other settings, however, suggest that while evidence for sex differences in eadership is mixed and depends upon context, in general, women tend to employ a transformational approach and are more likely than men to do so (Bycio et al. , 1995; Bass and Avolio, 1994; Yammarino et al. , 1997). They behave more democratically than men in leadership situations, use interactive skills, place emphasis on maintaining effective working relationships, and value cooperation and being responsible to others, practices that all serve to further organizational goals by integrating people into the group as respected individuals (Yammarino et al. 1997; Rosener, 1990, 1997; Moore and Buttner, 1997; Buttner, 2001; Eagly and Carli, 2003; Eagly et al. , 2003). This interactive approach, described by Helgesen (1995) as a web, is especially applicable in organizational team settings wherein the construction of individually unique, one-to-one, somewhat egalitarian interpersonal relationships is advantageous. The process may be visualized as the leader sitting at the center of a wheel and connecting directly to each subordinate by a spoke, with each team member linked along the rim: a style which makes each team member an insider.As entrepreneurs, women employ the same interactive (all minds are n eeded at the table) approach to both encourage creativity and balance the authoritative command and control behaviors expected of a male boss with the more collaborative language and communication styles expected of a woman (Moore, 2000, pp. 100-6): P1. Women entrepreneurs employ an interactive and transformational leadership style to move beyond the stereotypes associated with being an outsider in business environments (Figure 1). 222 Increasingly diverse work force Greater numbers of women in organizations Work behaviors that minimize insider/outsider effectsTrust building practices How women entrepreneurs lead Intereactive transformational style of leadership Team led problem solving Reshaped organizations Lower levels of employee trust Team leadership by insiders Work setting experiences referenced by women 223 Figure 1. Transitions emergence of women’s leadership approach Insider/outsider organizaional stereotyping tendencies The importance of trust Collaboration, recipr ocity and equity Transactions that foster venture innovation are frequently the result of collaborations that depend on open-mindedness, shared vision and mutual expectations of positive ? eciprocity (Viklund and Sjoberg, 2008). They require patterns of trust that lead to inter-group trust and, in turn, spawn inter-organizational trust (Currall and Inkpen, 2006, p. 245). Within a business venture, then, trust â€Å"is as much a condition or ingredient as the outcome of action† (Sydow, 2006, p. 379). At the most basic level, trust is conveyed by an individual, the trustor. The trustee may be a formal or an informal group, a larger subset of the organization or the ? rm itself (Janowiez and Noorderhaven, 2006).The interactions take place within the overlapping social, cultural, institutional, organizational and sub-organizational environments. Collectively, this is the climate created by the everyday practices and reputations that leaders build and maintain overtime (Rhee and V aldez, 2009). When the culture encourages trustworthy behavior by containing â€Å"a high degree of taken-for-grantedness,† it will enable trust and â€Å"shared expectations,† even among employees â€Å"who have no ? mutual experience or history of interaction† (Mollering, 2006, p. 73). Outcomes The observed bene? ts of a climate of trust – enhanced ef? ciency, greater productivity, decreased absenteeism, lower rates of employee turnover, better safety records and higher levels of commitment (Neves and Caetano, 2006) – contribute directly to ? rm value (Mayer and Gavin, 2005). This is especially true when a trust climate results in a sharing of knowledge among employees because the acquisition and utilization of knowledge, which â€Å"has the potential to be the source of extraordinary returns† (Madhok, 2006, p. 08), is a special, intangible economic asset (Casson and Giusta, 2006). Ideally, a company will employ systems designed to build t his into a climate of collective trust. But this is not always the case, and even ? rms that try to create a culture of trust may accomplish the task only in varying degrees: P2. Because trust is essential to ? rm performance and productivity, the most successful entrepreneurial leaders will employ an interactive leadership style to create and maintain a climate of trust. GM 26,3 224The transformational leadership style has a signi? cant positive impact on team performance because of its moderating effects in dealing with complex or contentious issues (Huettermann and Boerner, 2009). Among the reasons, women ? nd it appealing are its utility in multi-cultural settings (Fein et al. , 2009), its effectiveness in encouraging employee learning, creativity and implementation skills (Chiu et al. , 2009) and the advantage it offers in building high-quality leader-follower relationships and trust (Brahnam et al. , 2005): P3.The employment of a transformational leadership style by a woman en trepreneur will be perceived as highly effective in settings where interactions are sensitive and performance outcomes are highly valued. Gender at work Gender and productivity The number of studies isolating any effects of gender on productivity is slight (LePine et al. , 2002), though there is a suggestion of an â€Å"overall positive linear relationship between gender diversity and employee productivity† (Ali et al. , 2009). The value of adding women members to teams has been supported in studies of IPO ? ms (Welbourne et al. , 2007), small ? rm performance (Litz and Folker, 2002), military settings (Hirschfeld et al. , 2005) and most recently, corporate boards (Konrad et al. , 2008). Findings suggest that when the number of women increases to the point where they are no longer tokens, collaboration, solidarity, con? ict resolution, reciprocity and self-sustaining action all rise (Westermann et al. , 2005), as does work group effectiveness (Knouse and Dansby, 1999) and lev els of interpersonal sensitivity (Williams and Polman, 2009).Other studies indicate that the participation of women either leads to positive outcomes or shows no negative productivity effects (Kochan et al. , 2003). Among the strongest suggestions favoring the business case for gender diversity at the higher levels is a longitudinal examination of 353 companies that remained on the Fortune 500 list for four years out of a ? ve-year span (1996-2000) whose signi? cantly higher returns on equity (35 percent) and total returns to stockholders (34 percent) correlated with their greater representation of women in senior management (Catalyst, 2004).As Konrad et al. (2008) have shown, when the number of women on corporate boards reaches three or more, the presence of women becomes normalized rather than stereotyped. The result is a higher level of ? rm performance and innovation (Nielsen and Huse, 2010; Torchia et al. , 2010). The numbers are important. In organizations, where the percentag e of women on top management teams and/or their corporate boards is 15 percent or greater, male participants tend to exhibit higher levels of trust in female leaders than in organizations where women’s inclusion is less than 15 percent.By contrast, while men have signi? cantly more positive evaluations of women when there are more of them, the con? dence women have is high irrespective of their numbers (Lortie-Lussier and Rinfret, 2002): P4. In ? rms led by women entrepreneurs practicing interactive transformational leadership, employees will exhibit a high level of trust in their women owners. Building trust through equity Biases and perceptions Establishing a climate of trust can be dif? cult, particularly when employees are responding to stereotypes rather than actual leader behavior. The existence of biases ased on self-categorization (we are more comfortable among people like us) and similarity attraction (us versus them) in relatively or formerly homogeneous groups is i ndisputable. Men, in general, trust a new male team member more than a new female team member (Spector and Jones, 2004), view a new male to have better management skills (Karau et al. , 2009) and prefer a masculine leadership mode (Butter? eld and Powell, 2010; Johnson et al. , 2008; Moore, 1984). Male and female employees alike exhibit strong opinions of how leaders should talk, act and behave and they employ gender stereotypes in evaluating leadership (Namok et al. 2009). As Butter? eld and Powell (2010) note, the masculine mode of behavior represents power and the leadership dimensions most employees seek. Similar traits are associated with entrepreneurs (Gupta et al. , 2009; Moore, 2010). Such in-group/out-group mindsets can create harmful fault lines, especially in situations where success depends on collaboration and the sharing of knowledge (Gratton et al. , 2007). Establishing a trust chain Diversity in organizations can produce both positive and negative outcomes, chie? y b ecause of stereotyping (Jackson et al. , 2003).While the negative effects of stereotyping can be counteracted by a recognition that diversity in expertise, skill sets and the like can contribute to team performance, establishing that recognition can be dif? cult because it requires creating a climate of trust and its maintenance: a leader has to violate trust expectations only once to cause â€Å"a signi? cant drop in the level of trust† (Dirks, 2006, p. 24). For women leaders to be perceived as effective, then, they must surmount the obstacle of needing to demonstrate both strength and sensitivity and overcoming stereotypes in work settings.With fewer margins for error (Caleo and Heilman, 2009), they do this by treating individuals uniformly and equitably to create within the work group a feeling of cooperative interdependence, the belief that we gain when others succeed (Williams, 2001). It is a group-focused leadership style that facilitates identi? cation and collective e f? cacy (Wu et al. , 2010): P5. The most effective tool for building and maintaining organizational trust is in applying the transformational leadership process in a manner that employees perceive as equitable.How women entrepreneurs lead 225 Trust, team building and ? rm-related outcomes Balancing control and behaviors Work dynamics occur within distinct, overlapping, unique environments: the norms, values and beliefs of society at large; the culture and background of the person; their individual expertise derived from education, experience, specialization and pro? ciency; and the views, insights, suggestions and opinions of family, friends and trusted others. In organizations and small businesses alike, employees reference these norms and values across all levels of interactions.Achieving high performance thus requires engineering a work climate consistent with organizational aims and employee values. This requires balancing management control with behaviors that encourage trust ( Schoorman et al. , 2007). Key factors that drive perceptions of trustworthy behavior include the degree to which the leader acts with integrity, demonstrates openness, takes an interest and displays con? dence in people, acts as coach and advocate, and shares clear expectations about performance outcomes. Because individual perceptions of the leader or owner’s abilities and trustworthiness differ from his or her self-perceptions,GM 26,3 it is critical to recognize differences between the extension of trust and how it is monitored. The goal is to have the outcome of the series of leader/owner actions and individual responses culminate in the creation of an atmosphere of reciprocity – the expectation that acts of trust will be repaid. When this happens, the potential for mutual trustworthiness and higher productivity is maximized (Ferrin et al. , 2007). Sharing power As Rosener (1990) notes, women â€Å"are far more likely than men to describe themselves as transforming subordinates’ self-interest into concern for the whole organization. A female team leader is also likely to view her position in terms of assisting team members in reaching performance goals (Paris et al. , 2009). The result is that women lead in a participative style (Nielsen and Huse, 2010). Using effective communication skills (Madlock, 2008), they focus on sharing power and information to create a collaborative team environment (Keeffe et al. , 2008) whose ingredients include the employee’s personal propensity to trust, their past experiences and perceptions of the manager. When the owner/leader is seen as an advocate who will reciprocate trustworthy behaviors (Drath et al. 2008), perceptions of the ? rm’s overall fairness increase (Brockner et al. , 2007). As Morrison and Robinson (1997) note, in a high trust climate people show increased levels of loyalty, satisfaction and engagement and the resulting cooperation and free exchange of information lead to q uicker and better decisions, and higher performance. For a business owner, the reasons to proceed in this fashion are thus compelling: P6. The application of the interactive, transformational leadership style as a tool to create a climate of trust will enhance the longevity of women-owned ? rms through higher employee performance. 26 Summary The propositions shown in Figure 2 provide an approach to understanding the power of women’s interactive transformational leadership style (the predictor variable) which they use in team building to create a climate of trust and empowerment (moderator variables). The resulting organizational outcomes include open communications, employee satisfaction, innovation and enhanced productivity that collectively provide greater ? nancial returns and potential for ? rm growth. The propositions may be tested with a single or series of empirical and longitudinal tests in a variety of respondent groups of ? ms with 25 or more employees. Some of thes e Team building moderators P2 Predictor for womens entrepreneurial success P1 Interactive transformational leadership P3 P4 P5 Climate of trust Gender diversity Higher levels of employee trust Employee perceptions of equitable treatment Collaboration and reciprocity Effectiveness outcomes Open communication and exchanges Satisfaction Innovation Enhanced productivity Higher financial returns Market retention and expansion, including global Figure 2. Propositions entrepreneurial women’s leadership effectiveness P6 ?rms may be in that group identi? d by the Center for Women as being part of the â€Å"missing middle. † Still other respondent groups will be found across the small business and entrepreneurial sector, including those engaged in the international market, technology, manufacturing and the service industries. This last group, according to research from the Diana Project (Holmquist and Carter, 2009), clearly demonstrates the positive potential of female entrepren eurship. Another possible research avenue is to test cross-gender effects by drawing the respondents from those organizations with mixed sex leadership or equivalent ownership in copreneurial enterprises.A number of current valid measures are available for testing work team relationships for climate, trust and repair approaches (Gillespie and Dietz, 2009), stereotypes and attitudes toward women entrepreneurs (Namok et al. , 2009) and managers (Zeynep and Soner, 2010). Variations of the transformational leadership inventory and productivity scales that measure the end predictor results on work teams can be combined with a trust index inventory (Palrecha, 2009). The approach may be enhanced by adding other links to the propositions.For example, important additions would be the three levels of trust repair, attributions and expectations in building effective work teams. Instruments developed by Konrad et al. (2008) and Huse and Solberg (2006) to measure the impact of the number of wome n in leadership positions on innovation and productivity are also relevant here. It has often been said that research on gender yields a limited number of theoretical underpinnings for building models. Not so. When considering the pool of theories from various ? elds of research, a number of robust propositions emerge.Those presented here are not only important in understanding the emergence of organizational cultures common to women-owned businesses. They suggest an approach to developing effective strategies to deal with current economic problems; speci? cally, in building relationships and facilitating cooperation among the diverse and sometimes contentious members of groups who must deal with complex issues. 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About the authors Dorothy Perrin Moore is an Emeritus Professor of Business Administration, The Citadel School of Business, where she held the title of Distinguished Professor of Entrepreneurship.She is the author of Careerpreneurs: Lessons from Leading Women Entrepreneurs on Building a Career Without Boundaries, which received the ForeWord Magazine Book-of-the-Year Gold Award in the ? eld of Business, and the co-author of Women Entrepreneurs: Moving Beyond the Glass Ceiling. A former entrepreneur, she received her PhD in Management, Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management from the Darla Moore School of Business, University of South Carolina.She is a Recipient of the Academy of Management, Women in Management Division’s Sage Janet Chusmir Service Award and the Division’s Sage Scholarship Award and a Justin G. Longenecker Fellow in the United States Association of Small Business and Entrepreneurship. She presently serves as a Job Coach at the Center for Women in Charleston, South Carolina and writes a monthly professional advancement column for the Charleston Post Courier. Dorothy Perrin Moore is the corresponding author and can be contacted at: dot. [emailprotected] net Jamie L.Moore is the Director of Workforce Programs for the Long Island Forum for Technology, New York. He has 15 years of progressive experience in employee, management and organization development at CA and JP Morgan Chase where he was involved in organizational lead projects that saved $12 million for CA and over $6 million annually for JP Morgan Chase. He earned a Master’s degree in Production and Operations Management from the Darla Moore School of Business at the University of South Carolina and did additional course work in management and organizational behavior at Columbia University.He serves on the Advisory Board for Advanced Ma nufacturing at Suffolk County Community College and teaches courses in the Master’s program in the College of Business at Stony Brook University. Jamie W. Moore, Professor of History Emeritus, The Citadel, received his PhD from the University of North Carolina. He is a former member of the United States Department of the Army Historical Advisory Committee and the National Council of the American Association of University Professors and a past President of the South Carolina Historical Association.His two most recent books, Growing Up in Davie County: Recollections from One Hundred Years Ago (Honorable Mention, 2005) and (co-authored with Dorothy P. Moore) Island in the Storm: Sullivan’s Island and Hurricane Hugo (Bronze Award, 2006) received ForeWord Magazine book-of-the-year awards. How women entrepreneurs lead 233 To purchase reprints of this article please e-mail: [emailprotected] com Or visit our web site for further details: www. emeraldinsight. com/reprints