Playstation Vs. Nintendo 64 :: essays research papers

Video games are taking the entertainment business by storm. Systems are constantly modify and new schemes are always in the process. The two latest systems are the Nintendo 64 and the Sony Playstation. Both have similar qualities, but they are very different. bundle selection is a key point when in comes to deciding on a system. A few of the latest games, Madden 99, WWF Warzone, and NHL 99, have been made for two systems. However, the Playstation has a greater variety of role playing games. Playstation would be a better choice for someone who enjoys role playing games. It also has many much games than the Nintendo 64 does. Playstation has been out on the market for a longer period of time than Nintendo 64, this is why it has more games than Nintendo 64.When it comes to graphics, the Playstation wins again. All of the Nintendo 64 games have polygonal graphics, where the Playstation post also support film graphics for games that star real spirit actions. If the gamer enjoys watc hing a story line in a real life situation, Playstation would be the better choice to go with.When it comes to wait time, the Nintendo 64 blows away the Playstation. Some games for the Playstation take up to a minute to load. This is due to the fact that the system uses compact discs for software. On the other hand, Nintendo 64 uses cartridges. These load instantly. If you have no patients for waiting on a game to load, then Nintendo 64 is the better choice.Accessorizing the systems is a minor point, but it is still there. The Nintendo 64 comes with four mastery ports, so no additional purchase is necessary (besides the actual controllers). The Playstation, however, comes with only two controller ports.

Times Have Changed Essay -- essays research papers

Times Have Changed Times have changed dramatically inthe past thirty years. The style of living, the sizes of families,and education have all changed dramatically. During thefifties, sixties, and most of the early seventies teenagerswere thinking about going off to war or starting a family.Very few teenagers coming out of blue school werethinking about college. Slowly as times started to change, more than and more people were going off to college. Today atthe end of the nineties, very few people do not go off tocollege. Instead of high school students thinking aboutstarting families or going off to war, they have a biggerdecision to make. What college to attend. This decision willaffect ones whole life how they live, where they work,what size family they are going ...

Belgian Colonializm in the Congo Free State Essay -- essays research p

The violent and forced rule of the congou is a horrific time in African history. The time period beginning with Henry Morton Stanleys first exploration to the Congo, and King Leopolds desire of this area, had been a nightmare for the people of the Congo. The civilizing mission to the Congo not still resulted in the killing of thousands of people but also the destruction of a culture. The two articles, Belgian Colonialism in the Congo, and the letter by George Washington Williams, are just two views from this time. Both articles depict very divergent opinions of what is going on in the Congo and also what should be allowed to go on there. These articles show the very different opinions of someone who has never gone and someone who has witnessed the things that happen. The importance of the King Leopold article is that it gives a clear understanding of his mindset at the time. He wanted this cut back and its people, in the article he rationalizes the way it is being taken and what is happening there. In Williams? article he reflects on his disappoint manpowert of Africa and the horrific things that he witnessed in the Congo. This essay will discuss the reliability of these two sources and whether or not they give an accurate depiction of the Congo and its colonization. It will also compare and compare the articles, their authors, and will come to a conclusion of which article is more accurate.King Leopold was the king of Belgium. It is legendary that he had no joy in his life and that he realized that the only thing that would make him happy was to gain more power. (Class notes) In his quest for power and more land he decided that he wanted the heart of Africa. Of course he did not intend to go there himself so he enlisted Henry Morton... ... is positive about the efforts in the Congo and is confident that their presence there will civilize the people. Williams? letter is appalled by the things going on in the Congo and wants a direct accomplishment take n to stop these atrocities. Although King Leopold?s article is from the ?king? that does not mean it is the most accurate or reliable source. Williams? article is a reveal depiction of the truth because he was actually there. Leopold never traveled to the Congo or anywhere near it in Africa. He simply enlisted other men to do his dirty work. Each article describes the Congo Free State differently as well. Leopold?s article describes a place that needs to be civilized, a ?barbarous community?. It talks about how the people there are violent and that sometimes force is needed. Williams? article is a direct contradiction. He describes a place of fear and turmoil.

Saint Philip Neri :: essays research papers fc

Saint Philip Neri was born in Florence, Italy, in the year 1515. He was theoldest tidings of Francis Neri and Lucretia Soldi, both descendants of Tuscanfamilies. He was kind hearted as a kid and in short became known as Philip theGood - "the good Pippo." As a child, he studied philosophy and later he tooka comprehensive course in theology. With fourteen companions, he createdthe Confraternity of the Most Holy Trinity for spirit after pilgrims andconvalescents. The members met for Communion, prayer and other spiritualexercises in the Church of San Salvatore, and Philip himself introduced theidea of having exposition of the Blessed Sacrament at least once a month.At these devotions, Philip preached, even though he had not yet become apriest. In 1550, he transferred this Confraternity to the Church of the HolyTrinity, and built a new hospital. His die hard continued and in 1551, he wasordained a priest at the age of thirty-six. As a newly ordained priest, Philip continued hi s spiritual conferences toever-increasing numbers, who came pursuit his guidance and help. In a shorttime, several priests and young clergymen associated themselves with him.They began to aid him with his conferences and in reading prayers andmeditations to the people of the Church of the Holy Trinity. This smallgroup soon became known as an Oratory, because at certain hours each day,they would gather the people together for prayer and meditation. Thereforethey laid the foundation of a new apparitional society. In 1564, when Philiphad make his congregation into a regular community, he had several of hisyoung clergy men ordained to the priesthood.Saint Philip lived to be eighty years of age. In the year 1595, he wasstruck by an unusual violent fever and was confined to his bed for theentire month of April. Cardinal Caesar Baronius game him Extreme greasiness andCardinal Frederick Borromeo, an intimate friend, brought him Holy Viaticum.His entire congregation accompanied him on hi s deathbed. It was shortlyafter midnight on May 26th, 1595 that he passed away.Saint Philip was noted too for his kindness and simplicity and was muchsought after as a confessor. His sense of humor was note worthy. He wasbeautified by Pope Paul V in 1615 and was canonized a saint by Pope GregoryXV in the year 1622.After Philips death it was discovered that two of his ribs were broken andhad formed an arch, enlarging the normal space for the heart. His body restsin the Chiesa Nuova where it remains miraculously incorrupt.

Essay Comparing Candide and Mary Shelleys Frankenstein -- comparison

Comparing Voltaires Candide and Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Voltaires Candide and Mary Shelleys Frankenstein are classics of western literature, in large part, because they both speak about the situation of being human. However, they are also important because they are both representative of the respective cultural movements during which they were written - the Enlightenment and the Romantic while. As a result of this inheritance, they have different tones and messages, just as the Enlightenment and Romanticism had different tones and messages. But, it is not enough to and say that they are different because they are linked. The intellectual movement from which Frankenstein emerged had its origins in the intellectual movement from which Candide emerged. By examining each of these works from the context of these intellectual movements, the increase in tone from light-hearted optimism in Candide to a heavier brooding doom in Frankenstein can be explained as being an extension of th e progression from the Enlightenment to the Era of Romanticism. The Enlightenment had its roots in the scientific and philosophical movements of the 17th century. It was, in large part, a rejection of the faith-based medieval ball view for a way of popular opinion based on structured inquiry and scientific understanding. It stressed individualism, and it rejected the churchs control of the secular activities of men. Among the movements luminaries were Descartes, Newton, and Locke. They, among others, stressed the individuals use of reason to explain and understand the world about himself in all of its aspects. Important principles of the Enlightenment included the use of science to examine all aspects of life (this was labeled reason),... ...The need is neer satisfied for the reader, for Shelleys perception of society after the Enlightenment is a bleak place where human needs are supplanted by the monolithic focus on reason alone. This stands in sharp contrast to the finishing of Candide. While the young man is constantly denied the company of his one true love, Cunegonde, throughout the work, in the end he finds her and finds satisfaction in a life near his friends as a farmer. The Enlightenment found optimistic hope in a dour age through the potential of the progress of human society, but to the Romantics, this improved world was less than optimistic if untouched by human elements such as love and imagination. Works CitedShelley, Mary. Frankenstein. New York Bantam Books, 1991.Voltaire. Candide. In Candide, Zadig and Selected Stories.Trans. Donald Frame, New York Penguin Group, 1961.

Essay Comparing Candide and Mary Shelleys Frankenstein -- comparison

Comparing Voltaires Candide and Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Voltaires Candide and Mary Shelleys Frankenstein are classics of western literature, in large part, because they both speak about the situation of existence human. However, they are also important because they are both representative of the respective cultural feats during which they were written - the Enlightenment and the Romantic Era. As a result of this inheritance, they yield different tones and messages, just as the Enlightenment and Romanticism had different tones and messages. But, it is not enough to merely say that they are different because they are linked. The intellectual movement from which Frankenstein emerged had its origins in the intellectual movement from which Candide emerged. By examining each of these works from the context of these intellectual movements, the progression in tone from light-hearted optimism in Candide to a heavier brooding designate in Frankenstein can be explained as being an exten sion of the progression from the Enlightenment to the Era of Romanticism. The Enlightenment had its roots in the scientific and philosophical movements of the seventeenth century. It was, in large part, a rejection of the faith-based medieval world view for a way of thought based on structured inquiry and scientific understanding. It dysphoric individualism, and it rejected the churchs control of the secular activities of men. Among the movements luminaries were Descartes, freshton, and Locke. They, among others, stressed the individuals use of reason to explain and understand the world about himself in all of its aspects. Important principles of the Enlightenment include the use of science to examine all aspects of life (this was labeled reason),... ...The need is never satisfied for the reader, for Shelleys perception of society after the Enlightenment is a bleak place where human needs are supplanted by the monolithic focus on reason alone. This stands in sharp contrast to the ending of Candide. period the young man is constantly denied the company of his one true love, Cunegonde, throughout the work, in the end he finds her and finds satisfaction in a life nigh(a) his friends as a farmer. The Enlightenment found optimistic hope in a dark age through the potential of the progress of human society, provided to the Romantics, this improved world was less than optimistic if untouched by human elements such as love and imagination. Works CitedShelley, Mary. Frankenstein. New York Bantam Books, 1991.Voltaire. Candide. In Candide, Zadig and Selected Stories.Trans. Donald Frame, New York Penguin Group, 1961.

Diagnostic and Statistics Manual for Mental Disorders Essay

Although Gender identity Disorder (GID) and crotchet has been in the American Psychiatric Associations (APA) Diagnostic and Statistical manual of arms of Mental Disorders (DSM) for many years, I was personally unaw be of the controversy that surrounded it. I realized that I needed to educate myself in the issues and changes that render issue forthred in the DSM deliberateing GID and homo put forwarduality over the years. The APA is in the crop of revising its DSM and part of that process has been to create a Work Group on Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders (WGSGSID).The Work Group is one of 13 groups participating in the DSM-V revision process (Drescher, 2010). there has been a high level of concern from the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community in regards to the status of the category of GID in the DSM (Drescher, 2010). Activists argued that it is wrong to label expressions of gender variances as symptoms of a affable disorder. Advocates for the removal of the GID compare it to the removal of homosexuality in 1973 (Drescher, 2010). match to the World Professional Association for Transgender Health, people experiencing squiffy cross-gender identification and a persistent discomfort with their sex or a sense of inappropriateness in the gender role of that sex were diagnosed with transexualism in the DSM-III. In 1994, the DSM IV changed that diagnosing to GID. (Drescher, 2010). Removing GID from the DSM would be a major step in destigmatizing the lives of transgendered people, however it would come at a price and this will be reviewed in this subject.Individuals that identify as gay, lesbian, bi-sexual or transgendered do not believe that they have a disorder and are mentally ill. The inclusion of gender nonconformity among disorders creates stigma for transgendered individuals in society. In 1973, homosexuality was declassified in the DSM (second edition), however, transgender identity and expression still remains. In this paper I will discuss issues of gender identity, how they are defined in the DSM, and the controversy that surrounds them. History of Gender Identity Disorder (Transgender)Ive always wise to(p) that to understand the issues of today we must look at history. And so we dont repeat the misfortunes of yesterday we must catch out from them. So, for this section I have researched a brief history of Gender Identity Disorder and how it became a psychiatric classification. Under diagnostic codes in the DSM, transvestic fetishism, formerly transvestism, (TF) means to strike the clothing of the opposite sex. This term was created and used by Magnus Hirshfeld in 1910. Transsexualism, also termed by Hirchfeld in 1923, first appeared in the DSM-III (1980) as a diagnostic category. soon in the DSM, heterosexual men can be diagnosed with TF if they meet only two criteria they have sexual fantasies about cross-dressing and those fantasies cause impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas . DSM Manual The DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition) development timeline began al some ten years ago with a series of meetings and conferences that summarized the findings that had put in in the scientific literature since the publication of DSM-IV and then developed research agendas for DSM-5 (Narrow & Cohen-Kettenis, 2010).There are no restraints on the amount of change that can occur in formulating the DSM-5, provided that the changes are based on sound research findings and will enhance its clinical usefulness (Narrow & Cohen-Kettenis, 2010). The DSM-5 Task Force is composed of workgroup chairs and professionals from other stakeholder groups including APA authorities representatives. There is a consumer representative on the task force and the members of the task force are diverse in ethnic and racial groups and gender.There are 13 workgroups, and the workgroups focus on specific diagnostic areas (Narrow & Cohen-Kettenis, 2010). The tas kforce and workgroups are composed of 163 members, 39 of whom are from outside the United States. Thirty percent of the members are female, 18% are non-Caucasian, and there is a diversity of disciplines represented. There is a DSM-5 Web site, www. dsm5. org, which contains Task Force meeting summaries, workgroup progress summaries, the names of the members of the taskforces and workgroups and their disclosure information (Narrow & Cohen-Kettenis, 2010) .There has been a subworkgroup formed to work on the Gender Identity Disorder. Four topics were nominated by the group to discuss general issues, the differences and similarities between homosexuality and GID with regard to the DSM and specific research literature of the criteria for GID in adolescents and adults (Narrow & Cohen-Kettenis, 2010) . One of the first things that the subgroup did was distribute a short survey amongst transgender organizations.The survey was designed to help the group learn what transgender organizations, n ot only in the United States and Europe but also worldwide, were thinking about various hot topics in gender identity. They were interested in suggestions for possible reconstruction of the diagnosis if it were to remain a diagnosis in the DSM-5 (Narrow & Cohen-Kettenis, 2010) . More than 50% of respondents believed that GID should not stay in the DSM. Political and educational transgender organizations were truly much in favor of removing GID from the DSM.The political groups had the highest percentages (75%) favoring removal of the diagnosis, followed by the educational groups (70%) (Narrow & Cohen-Kettenis, 2010) . The DSM is a political documenta social constructionshaped to a greater extent by sociocultural influences than the demands of practicing professionals in the field of mental health (Conner-Greene, 2006). The DSM has become a profoundly powerful book in terms of the health insurance industry, the pharmaceutical industry, and even the courts (Conner-Greene, 2006). Pro blems with the Current Diagnostic Criteria for GIDSome reasons given for deleting GID from the DSM included (1) concerns that the diagnosis inappropriately pathologized an aspect of ones identity (2) the conviction that the diagnosis is stigmatizing and that this is a major cause of distress (3) the potential use of the diagnosis as a discriminatory tool, resulting in, for example, exclusion from military service or healthcare services and finally (4) the belief that GID is a neurological or brain phenomenon, not a mental disorder (Narrow & Cohen-Kettenis, 2010). Support of Keeping the GID Diagnosis in the DSMThe most important reason cited for allowing the diagnosis to persist was insurance reimbursement and legal advocacy. Some members and advocates of the trans community expressed concern that deleting GID from the DSM-V would lead third party payers to get across access to care for those transgender adults already having issues with inadequate private and public sources of hea lthcare (Drescher, 2010). Some argued that keeping the diagnosis of GID in the DSM would make it harder to misdiagnose transgender individuals with other mental illnesses.Others suggested that it would be easier for family and friends to accept a transgender persons identity if this identity had an official place somewhere (Narrow & Cohen-Kettenis, 2010). Retention of the GID diagnoses would eventually lead to putting the diagnosis of homosexuality back into the manual (Drescher, 2010). I personally do not see this ocurring, however, it is not inconceivable. Clinical efforts with gender variant children aimed at getting them to reject their tangle gender identity and to accept their natal sex were unscientific, unethical, and misguided.Activists labeled such efforts as a form of reparative therapy (Drescher, 2010). Definitions of Conditions in the DSM Transsexualism The second half of the twentieth speed of light saw the development within the psychological and medical communities of a transsexual model and procedures for identifying, describing, and treating individuals who sought sex reassignment. This model viewed transsexualism as a form of mental illness characterized by a pervasive and ongoing wish to be a member of the other sex (Denny, 2004).The 1990s, however, brought an increasing awareness among researchers and clinicians that genital sex reassignment surgery (SRS) is not uniformly desired or sought by all persons who dress and behave as members of the other sex on a full-time basis (Denny, 2004). Therapists Role in Transgendered Issues There is a world of difference when both the healer and the patient believe the patient to be mentally ill and in crisis, and when both the therapist and the client believe the client to be healthy and self-actualized and contemplating a life-altering decision (Denny, 2004).There is evidence that is reasonably strong that psychotherapeutic interventions are not in particular successful with transgendered individu als (Zucker, 2008). The empirical evidence from adulthood suggests that gender dysphoria is best treated through hormonal and surgical interventions, particularly in carefully evaluated patients (Zucker, 2008). Todays client is likely to be educated about transgender issues, to know his or her options, and to have a broad-based support system.The therapist can and should provide factual information, help the client understand the available options, and make necessary referrals. This can prove difficult to a therapist strange with the transgender model, hence it is important to be educated in this area (Denny, 2004). Psychiatrists and other caregivers should be careful not to confuse their personal beliefs about gender with the clinical needs of the patients they are treating. Therapists should know that despite nonsurgical lifestyle options now open to transgendered people, transsexuals tend to view SRS as the treatment of choice (Denny, 2004).In most communities, there are not eno ugh such specialists available to allow for two different roles needed of specialists one who is the therapist and one (or two, in the episode of surgery recommendations) who is the evaluator. Thus, clinicians often find themselves in dual roles of therapist and evaluator. This frustrates many clinicians who worry that clients will withhold information that would aid in the therapeutic process for fear that it will jeopardize their chances of acquiring letters of recommendation (Griffin, 2011).

Death of a Parent Essay

I believe we are defined by events that happen throughout our lives both passivity and negatively. approximately of the events that change peoples paths often happen suddenly in their vivification and some convictions drive home long term effects. Whether it is a personal, religious, life style, or even a career change the fact still remains the cause for change was caused by the event. The statements above are true for my life my life was about to change forever. This is the twenty-four hours I found out my mother had just six months to live, I was only 19 years old.I was woof my mother up from a routine follow-up appointment she had at Keesler Air force Base Hospital in Biloxi Mississippi, on the after zero(prenominal)n of 3 March 1997. I was walking up the steps of the hospital when I saw her walking out her face was pale I asked her if she was ok, her response was no. At this point in time every topic went silent she asked me to sit down on the steps but I couldnt I notwi thstanding valued to know what was wrong. My mother while holding my hands so told me the results of the test and that she had liver cancer and it was untreatable.I was frozen non knowing what to say I just grab her and held her close and begun to cry. She told me to stop crying because she was going to need me to be strong for her and my brothers, that she wanted her last six months to be happy memories not sad whizzs. Lets step back for a moment so I can explain the relationship I had with my mother because it was not your normal one. My mother was so much more to me than just a mom, she was my best friend I told her everything and she told me everything. We spent many late nights talking about everything in life from how our day went to what life would hold for us in the future.My mother was one of those people who never wanted or asked for anything for herself but was one who gave everything and would do anything for her children. When I say her children I dont just mean her biological ones, she took care and provide for so many more, whether it was local populate hood, friends, family, co-workers and sometime even complete strangers who just need help. I remember many nights sitting at the kitchen table with people eating dinner with us who I did not know and many of them I would never put one across again after that night.My mom would always say we dont have much but what we do have is sometimes way more than what others have. My mother was the strongest person I ever known, who also had the biggest heart. Two years in front we found out she only had six months to live my mother kicked breast cancers ass. At least so we thought until the cancer showed back up in her liver and the doctors only gave her six months to live. At first nothing changed for her life or mine after finding out the bad news in fact she made me promise not to tell my brothers or anyone else.She continued working up to about the last two months. That is when things started to fall apart. The first thing to go for my mother was her memory. I can remember coming home from work and my mother talking to me about going camping like I was five years old. Not knowing how to handle it I just played along with the conversation, it seemed to make her happy. This went on and off for about two weeks and then things really started heading down hill pretty quick. I had to set off help from hospice care, to have help taking care of her, because she was basically bedridden and unable to care for herself.Hospice came into our home and set up a medical bed and other medical equipment in our formal living area, this was the open area in our house. At this point I quit my job to take care of her because hospice care was only coming to the house like twice a day the rest was up to me. I had made a promise to her not to let her die in a hospital and I was trying to redeem that promise. As the days went on the care became more and more demanding not really physical but ment ally. I was doing everything thing for her, from bathing, changing her clothes, and bed scrap to forcing her to take the meds she still need to take for pain control.At this point she was no longer able to speak, it seemed like her mind was completely gone just a blank stare. My breaking point was met, I was unable to care for my mother at home anymore she had pretty much slipped into a coma. I had to have my mother moved to the hospital, I couldnt keep that promise I made her and still to this day I beg for forgiveness from her. She was only in the hospital for three nights before she passed. My brothers and I took turns at night staying with her and my night was night three. That night was a special night, it was her birthday.On the night she passed onward we got her a birthday cake and song happy birthday to our mother for the last time. After singing happy birthday and blowing out the candles we each gave her a hug. When it became my turn to give her a hug I told her it was ok for her to go, that we will be ok and I love you. It wasnt long after that she passed remote at the age of 40. Not long after my mother died my life begun to fall apart. I could not deal with people always asking me if I was ok or if I needed anything. I started pushing everyone away and shutting out the ones I love.I needed to make a compulsory change in my life because my mother would not want me to live this way. So I joined to U. S. Army and left hand home and everybody I loved. I didnt really have a plan I just knew I needed my space and this was the only way I was going to get it. In fact I wrote a letter to my girlfriend breaking up with her on my flight to Germany, after I had completed all my sign training. I was completely alone for the first time after my mother died. Not a day goes by that I do not envisage about my mother and how her passing changed my life.Today I live my life the way I believe she would have wanted me to, with an open mind, trying to see the pos itives in every situation I find myself in. There are things I wish I would have handled differently when it comes to my love ones I left behind when I joined the Army. My mothers passing away changed my life in so many ways and has dad a major(ip) impact on the way I raise my kids, I do not take the time I have with them for granted. You never know when your time is up, so I say make the most of it and never wait until tomorrow to tell someone you love them.

International Adoption

Tammy Joiner CFS 157, 600 PM 2 May 2012 International acceptation Offers Advantages and Disadvantages In April of 2010, an Ameri stool single mother, Torry Hansen, put her foreign-adopted seven-year-old son on a plane back to capital of the Russian Federationalone. She cited psychological and behavior issues as the reason for such a drastic measure, After giving my best to this boor, I am sorry to say that for the safety of my family, friends, and myself, I no longer wish to set up this child, read the note accomp bothing the frightened Artyem Saviliev to the Russian Education of Ministries (Magee and Netter 2).Intercountry or international espousal is the process of establishing a permanent parent-child relationship with a child from another country through proper and legal channels (Intercountry acceptance). More Americans are opting for this means of adoption, some overdue to infertility but largely due to the media and celebrities bringing awareness to the mistreatment of children in foreign lands (Knox and Schacht 326-327). Although adopting abroad can be very rewarding for prospective parents, it can often result in blow out of the water challenges. Fulfilling AdvantagesThere are s constantlyal benefits to international adoption. Around the world there are numerous orphaned children available to hopeful mothers and fathers. The U. S Department of State, Offices of Childrens IssuesIntercountry bridal reports in 2011 there were over 9,300 foreign adoptions in the United States most of which were from China, Ethiopia, Russia, South Korea, and the Ukraine, respectively. With this type of adoption, parents have the option of selecting their preferences when it comes to the age (especially infants), gender, and nationality of the child.Transcontinental adoptions are usually handled by an adoption agency, the countrys adoption committee, or thorough an in-country visit (Pros & Cons of). Another advantage and possibly the most important is the opportunit y to give a disadvantaged child a happy home. Unfortunately, young children often undergo global changes including poverty and war which may make it difficult for them to remain in their home country. For example, Chinas one-child policy leaves infant girls open to abandonment.In that nation, parents would suffer harsh penalties for having an additional child therefore they are inclined to desert any other children born into the household (International word meaning). Intercontinental adoption provides another way for children to receive the care, stability, and love that they need to succeed in the take a hop of a permanent family. Indeed, this method of adoption offers an alternative for many potential parents desiring to build their families with children that are in need (Intercountry Adoption). Challenging DisadvantagesIn many cases of foreign adoption unexpected and surprising setbacks have occurred. Some of which are expensive fees, exploitation of children, and behavior pr oblems. Adoptive parents spend from $30,000 to $40,000 to bring their children home (Hannigan). It has been reported that due to the kernel of money involved in these types of adoptions, children have been adopted fraudulently. These children are often stolen at gunpoint or the birthmother has been paid to place her child with an agency. Several adoptive parents have been awarded children that were not orphaned further complicating the process.Recently, due to like violations, the United States have suspended adoptions in Guatemala (Hannigan). These and other violations are under review from the Hague Adoption Conventionan international agreement established to protect intercountry adoptions, preventing the abduction, sale, or trafficking of children (International Adoption). Additionally, intercountry adoptive families may face unforeseen and major challenges dealing with behavior, health, and mental issues. Frequently, adoptive parents receive incomplete, or false information r egarding the medical and background history of their children.This often leaves them unprepared to handle difficulties when they surface. In addition, there are almost no post-adoptive services available, adding to the issue. Therefore, the adoptive parents contemplate returning the children as dependents of the State (Ruggiero). Conclusion Undisputedly, international adoption is one of the most admirable, life-changing, and rewarding experiences one can take on. I applaud those who are motivated by love to open their hearts and homes to children from any land, domestic or foreign.My grandmother was such a person she adopted my mother when she was ten months old, after her biological mother abandoned her. Nonetheless, it is also one of the most difficult and weighty decisions one could ever make, as the outcome could have lasting and damaging effects for all involved. I fully support this form of adoption, hopefully, with global enforcement of regulations and policies intercountry adoption can hap and succeed in protecting the adoptive parents, the birthparents, and most of all the childrenlike Artyem Saviliev. Works Cited Hannigan, Elizabeth. International Adoption Disadvantages. Ehow Dot Com. N. p. www. ehow. com. Web. 24 Apr. 2012 International Adoption. Current Issues Macmillian friendly Science Library. Detroit Gale. 2010. N. p. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 13 Apr. 2012 Knox, David. , and Caroline Schacht. Choices In Relationships An Introduction To Marriage and the Family, Tenth Edition. Belmont Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. 2010. Print Magee, Zoe and Sarah Netter. Tennessee Mother Ships Adopted Son Back to Moscow Alone. ABCNews Dot Com. 9 Apr. 2010. Pag. 1-3 www. abcnews. go. com. Web. 22 Apr. 012 Pros & Cons of International Adoption. Adoption Media LLC. 2012. N. p. www. international. adoption. com. Web. 13 Apr. 2012 Ruggiero, Josephine A. Sometimes Adopted Children Must Be Returned to the StatesCare. Child Custody. Detroit Greenha ven Press. 2011. N. p. Opposing Viewpoints. Rpt. From When Adoption Isnt Easy. Newsweek. 15 Apr. 2010. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 13 Apr. 2012. United States, Bureau of Consular Affairs, Dept of State, Office of Childrens Issues. Intercountry Adoption. Oct 2011. N. p. State Adoption Agency. www. adoption. state. gov. Web. 20 Apr. 2012.

Character analysis Essay

Priestley describes him in the opening stage directions as a rather portentous man, full of his possess self-importance. In the play, he is certainly very concerned with his social position he twice mentions that he was Lord Mayor as a management of impressing Gerald (pp.8, 11), and mentions the knighthood to him, even though it is far from definite. He is solely worried ab go forth how his familys reputation will suffer at the inquest when he hears of Mrs Birlings part in the filles death (p.45), and he is more concerned about how to coverup Erics thefts (p.54) than about how to put them obligation. He tries to use first Geralds family name (p.13) and then his friendship with the Chief Constable (p.16) as ways of bullying the Inspector he obviously believes that others argon as easily impressed by social connections as he is. (We know he is easily impressed because of his evident pride at Geralds family background he obviously believes he has made a good match for Sheila.)His k ey characteristic is his complacency. He is well-off (as the opening stage directions suggest), and he believes he always will be that were in for a time of steadily increasing prosperity (p.6). This success, however, has been at the expense of others he threw the girl out of her job for asking for a modest rise, and intends in the future to work with Crofts Limited for lower costs and higher prices (p.4), exploiting his power as a capitalist to profit at the expense of others.Birling does not believe he has a responsibility to society, only to his family a man has to mind his deliver business and look after himself and his own (p.10). He is not upset, unlike Eric, at hearing the details of the girls death (p.12), which shows him to be a little heartless. He is suspiciously defensive when he thinks the Inspector is accusing him of causing it, and like Mrs Birling is relieved when he thinks the finger is no durable pointing at him. This is hypocritical because, as the Inspector says, the girls still dead, though (p.18). He also has double standards for he sees nothing strange in abstracted to protect Sheila from the unpleasantness of the girls life and death, yet feels no guilt at not having protected the girl herself.Crucially, Priestley undermines this self-important, complacent man, who believes his only responsibility is to his family, right at the start of the play. He is shown as short-sighted and wrongPredictionRealityWere in for a time of steadily increasing prosperityThe jetty Street Crash (1929) and the Great Depression in spite of appearance a generationThere isnt a chance of warWorld war within two years, with a second to follow within the aforementioned(prenominal) lifetimeIn 1940youll be living in a world thatll have disregarded all these Capital versus Labour agitationsThe General Strike (1926) and the continued rise of the Trade Union Movement.The Titanic unsinkable, absolutely unsinkableSS Titanic sinks on her maiden over voyageThis d ramatic irony at his expense encourages us to question how many of his other beliefs are correct Priestley, as a socialist, is not tender to what this capitalist believes.He also undermines Birlings relationship with his family, the only institution that Birling believes matters. In Act Two, both his children who learn from the Inspector in a way Birling never does behave badly in front of him (pp.32-33), and his heir Eric is later revealed as both an alcoholic and a thief. afterwards the Inspector has gone, Birling simply wants things to return to the way they were. He cannot understand Sheilas and Erics insistence that there is something to be learnt, and he is relieved and prideful when he feels that scandal has been avoided and everything is all right. Right up until the end, he claims that theres every excuse for what both your mother and I did it turned out unfortunately, thats all (p.57).Birling is not the cold and narrow-minded person that his wife is he simply believes in what he says. He is a restrict man, who is shown to be wrong about many things in the play it is the Birlings of the world whom Priestley feared in 1945 would not be willing or able to learn the lessons of the past, and so it is to the younger generation that Priestley hopefully looked insteadMrs BirlingPriestley describes her in the opening stage directions as a rather cold woman (p.1).She expects Sheila to make the same sacrifices in marriage that she had to (p.3) she has a clear sense of her duty within the family.

A Classical Story, a Baroque Interpretation, and Gian Lorenzo Bernini Essay

When told his son would surpass him in nontextual matteristic brilliance, Pietro Bernini of Florence simply responded, remember, that in this granular the loser wins (Fagiolo 9). A conversation held in the distant past, thither was no way for Pietro to know that his son, Gian Lorenzo Bernini, would come to be known as maven of the close to talented blindists the world has ever seen. Fully immersed in the art world at a young age, Gian Lorenzo Bernini catapulted to fastidious prominence soon after his sign commissions within the papacy.One of his earliest works, Berninis sculpture of netherworld and Proserpina not solo illuminates Berninis astonishing skill in marble craft, scarce alike serves as a perfect manifestation of fancy ideals while simultaneously solidifying Bernini as a key artist of the Baroque art period of time which began its sweep across Europe during his intenttime. Gian Lorenzo Bernini was born on December 7th, 1598, in the city of Naples, Italy (Fagiolo 3). His father, Pietro Bernini, was a gifted Florentine sculptor who moved his family to Rome in 1606, the city in which Bernini would live until his death.In his youth, Bernini spent a great majority of his time and training in his fathers workshop it was here that Pietro taught his son to exercise hand and eye continually in his craft (Fagiolo 3). After moving to Rome, his father worked for several days in the service of the Borghese pontiff Paul V (Wittkower 3). Through his fathers fortunate connection with the papacy, the young and extremely gifted Gian Lorenzo caught the eye of the Pope and his nephew, Cardinal Scipione Borghese (Wittkower 3).This initial breakthrough launched Bernini into his lifelong successful artistic career. From 1618 onwards, Bernini was consistently employed, creating incredible and awe-inspiring artworks in the city of Rome For more than half a century he was sculptor-architect to eight-spot popes, all of themso respectful of Berninis genius that t hey gave him the richest commissions any artist has ever received (Wallace 10). Following years of countless commissionsincluding what some might holler his most prominent and well known, the architectural design of St.Peters Square outside of the VaticanBernini died on November 28th, 1680 at the age of 81, leaving behind an surpassing legacy which is still pertinent in present day Italy however the Romans had a greater influence on Rome than Gianlorenzo Bernini (Bent). The story behind Berninis infernal region and Proserpina stakes its origins in ancient Greek mythology. Copied from the Greeks by the Romans, The Rape of Persephonedaughter of the Greek beau idealdess of the harvest, Demeterwas written in order to explain the forming of the four earthborn seasons fall, summer, spring, and winter (Fairbanks 176-178).In the story, Persephone is in a meadow, picking flowers as she walks, when she spies a narcissus flower that is finer than the rest (Fairbanks 178). As she stoops t o claim it for her bouquet, the ground opens up and Hades, god of the dead, on his ghastly chariot, abducts Persephone and drags her to the infernal region against her will (Fairbanks 178). Demeter, who discovers her daughters fate from Apollo, pleads with Zeus to return Persephone to her. (Fairbanks 179). To Demeters dismay, Persephone had ignorantly eaten pomegranate seeds of the underworld, and was therefore obliged to cover with Hades (Fairbanks 179).However, an agreement was made in which Persephone may spend half of a year in the underworld with her king, and the other half on macrocosm with her mother (Fairbanks 179). In the spring, when Persephone returns to the earthly realm, Demeter causes the flowers to grow in order to welcome her daughter home (Fairbanks 179). When Persephone must return to the underworld, Demeter mourns her daughters leaving, causing the leaves to decease and fall off the treesand thus, the seasons were formed (Fairbanks 179). One of Berninis earli er works, the sculpture of Pluto and Proserpina is truly a wonder to behold.Completed in 1622 when Bernini was a guiltless twenty-three years old, the marble sculpture is larger than life and currently presides in the Borghese Gallery in Rome (Pluto). The sculpture, named for the Roman characters of myth, captures the very bit in which Pluto (Hades) has snatched his soon-to-be bride, Proserpina (Persephone), and drags her to his deathly realm. This is made apparent in the presence of Cerberus, the three-headed dog guardian of the underworld, who snarls ferociously under Proserpinas writhing form. Pluto, with his firm grip, clasps Proserpina as she tries to flee from her somber king.However, Proserpinas efforts are futile as Pluto is already successfully grounded in the underworld, and knows she cannot escape his clutches or a life spent in his shadowy kingdom. Pluto and Proserpina, as an artwork, serves as a pinnacle of Baroque values. The Baroque period, which began approximately around the year 1600two years after Berninis birthmarked a severe transition in European artistic ideals In comparison with the art of the High Renaissance, Baroque art ismore colorful, higher-pitched, and representation. Baroque art makes a direct appeal to the perceptions of the viewer (Wallace 11).In this regard, Pluto and Proserpina is dead onas Proserpina strains against the force that is Pluto, the emotion portrayed via the body language and faces of both is a clear example of Baroque style. Bernini interpreted thisas a conflict between brutal luxuria and desperate anguish, a image which is made clear in movement of the sculpture (Wittkower 4). As Proserpina struggles with all of her might, she pushes her left hand against Pluto in a feeble attempt at escape, all the while marble tears roll down her cheeks, an expression of anxiety and sadness written clearly on her face.Pluto, whose taut, muscular legs and firm grip on Proserpinas thigh and stomach, has won his prize a nd intends to claim ithe looks on the struggling form of Proserpina with a signature of a smirk and nobody but desire in his eyes. The expressions Bernini gave the two only emphasize his influence on fundamental Baroque elements Baroque gestures insculpture are vividly dramaticFacial expressionsare so explicitly rendered that they verge on caricature (Wallace 11).The scene that Bernini portrays in Pluto and Proserpina is nothing short of emotive, dramatic, theatrical, steeped in movement, and utterly Baroque. Depicting a quintessential classical tale, Berninis sculpture of Pluto and Proserpina was created shortly after the conclusion of the High Renaissance, an art period in which ancient celebrations of the human figure, together with the optimistic spirit of the early sixteenth century, fostered an unprecedented interest in the figure as art (Wood 138).Artists practicing within the Baroque period took this appreciation of the human figure and aimed to embellish it with drama, mo vement, and sensation. Berninis Pluto and Proserpina does exactly thatmaintaining the High Renaissances desire for classicism and appreciation of the individual, Bernini expertly crafts idyllic human forms while simultaneously adding Baroque flourish to the work.The rippling, muscular form of Pluto reflects attention to the male figure equal in quality to that of Michelangelos David, yet differs severely in Plutos movement versus Davids stagnant pose (Michelangelos). As Pluto lunges into the underworld with his fleshy prize, there is distinct sense of mobility and, in essence, story-telling within the work. David, on the other hand, is found lacking in both action and dramain a relaxed stance, David has his slingshot casually slung over his left shoulder, holding the stone listlessly in his right hand.Despite the fact that David is wearing an expression of what seems to be concentration or concern, Michelangelos work is a far cry from the emotional drama present in Pluto and Prose rpina. Through Berninis picture of the contrasting feelings of Pluto and Proserpina in such an exaggerated and dramatic way, the audience is caught up in the moment of the story as if they are actually experiencing it. soundless statues such as Michelangelos David, however, leave the viewer rooted in time and place, contemplating what the work has potential to do, without actually witnessing it.Despite the truly amazing artistic prowess behind Pluto and Prosperpina, not to mention the fact that the work was created almost four hundred years ago, Berninis massive portfolio of work has only recently been circulating the art world in terms of its analysis and critique. Bernini himself predicted that his reputation would diminish after his death his art is much concerned with emotion and faith, andhe sensedthese qualities would not be the most admired in the age of reason (Wallace 10).Praised for years by eight different papacies, Berninis funny artwork fell by the wayside, and was e ven slandered by English art critic John Ruskin who believed it was impossible for false taste and base feeling to descend lower than Berninis work (Wittkower 1). However, although his reputation as an artist hit an all-time low in the Victorian era due to Ruskins gravelly critique, Bernini is finally beginning to receive the recognition he deserves. With transportation more readily accessible than ever before in combination with he notion that citizens of the late 20th century, having seen what a botch men of reason pee made of the world, are increasingly open-minded toward men of feeling, Berninis work is only now, within the last one hundred years or so, being considered by art historians, as implausible as it may seem (Wittkower 12). Pluto and Proserpina, though an exceptional work of art, is one of Berninis lesser-studied sculpturesit is next to impossible to find any sort of analysis of the work.Yet, even though it is not considered to be his best workif even considered at allthose who have had the chance to observe and contemplate it recognize Berninis sheer technical expertise as exhibited in Pluto and Proserpina. In an article from The North American Review, Bernini is considered the soul of his age in that he provided a solid, emotional core to a theatrical style like Baroque (Bent). The article praises Bernini as a master of detail who always built his figures around a single, dramatically potent gesture. His Pluto Abducting Proserpina is a case in point (Bent).More praise for Bernini comes from author John Wallace, who, in his book, The World of Bernini, describes the sculpture of Pluto and Proserpina as one of the most remarkable in carvedsculpture in terms of its astounding physical and psychological realism (Wallace 18). As an artist whose influence on his time is without parallel in history, Bernini was undoubtedly a crucial artist in the foundation of the Baroque movement (Wallace 9). Born two years foregoing to the dated beginning of the Baroque period, Bernini spent his entire life creating works of art steeped in Baroque idealsworks of movement, drama, and emotion.The sculpture of Pluto and Proserpina does nothing but emphasize this notion of Berninis reign as a leading Baroque artist in Rome. Despite the fact that his reputation as an implausibly accomplished artist diminished drastically in the years following his death in 1680, Bernini is without a doubt one of the most skilled artists to have ever lived. Without Gian Lorenzo Berninis considerable contributions, the Eternal City of Rome would be found lacking in the majority of its artistic grandeur, and the Baroque period would be missing an absolutely essential founding father.

Future Analysis of Nation State

Future Analysis of The Nation- narrate System Introduction It is common to hear of the threats to the demesne- disk operating system system in the modern-day world. Such threats seem to originate from many different quarters, at different level of the world-wide system. This impending experience that the landed e affirm- adduce is somehow in crisis led to analyze the query of the contemporary crisis of the ground- disk operating system? b arly before we go into the analysis, it is important to look into the ideas that would help to understand the case, under discussion, in a better fashion.To begin with, permits see the definition of solid ground, aver and the state-state system, according to the context under discussion. Nation According to the Oxford English dictionary, the word nation literally means, comm consonance of popu easy having mainly common descent, history, language, etc or forming monarch state or inhabiting territory. From the above definition, t here( predicate) are deuce kinds of nations, the pagan nation (community with common descent) and demotic nation (community with common territorial boundaries). E. K.Francis draws a distinction between ethnic nations that are based on belief in common descent and a sense of solidarity and common i hideawaytity, and demotic nations that are based on shared administrative and military institutions, common territorial boundaries for protection and the mobility of goods and people. This is akin to the distinction often do between cultural nations, based on criteria such as language, customs, religion and the policy-making nations, that are more(prenominal) than contractual and derive from shared institutions, shared citizenship and a sense of shared history.State According to Oxford English dictionary, state literally means, political community under adept politics. This means a community which is coherent with the g all everyplacenment of the state obeys the government with its own will, making government responsible for it. It is the political organization of the people under one government. Nation-State System The nation-state system is traditionally, an amalgamation of nation (one people) with state (one government). If one were to imagine an abstract image of the globe one would see gridlines.These lines mark off different nation-states. for each one one is separate from the others and sovereign inside its defined and unmoving borders. These nation-states interact with each other, be it through war or trade in a dealingship that is theoretically simple. Each nation-state is mates in terms of having reign (self-determination) and the sole right to use legitimate force inside its own borders. This modern nation-state system came into humankind with the accordance of Westphalia, 1648.In inter case system, low politics of trade and business and temporary agreement of MNCs, IGO and INGOs are less important than that of high politics the nation-stat e, with its use of goods and services of protecting its reign from the attack and of maintaining st office inside its borders. Today, there are more than 200 nation-states in the world. Nation-State as a Historical-Political Form The deification articulation of nation as a form of cultural community and theState as a territorial, political unit is now widely accepted and often taken as unproblematic.Yet scholars of nationalism point out that that was not alwaysthe case. That every nation deserves its autonomy and identity through its ownsovereign state (even though many may not take up it) is an ideal that manytrace to the French Revolution. As Cobban points out, whereas before the FrenchRevolution there had been no necessary connection between the state as a political unit and the nation as a cultural one, it became possible and desirablesince then to think of a combination of these two in a single judgmention of the nation-state.That this relieve ashes an ideal and one vastl y unrealized, as inthe existence of several multi-national states, is excessively largely recognized, although much of international relations theory fails to follow through on the implications of that reality. Concept of Sovereignty The meaning and concept of sovereignty has assumed many different shapes. Moreover, it has frequently changed its content,its laws and even its functions during the modern period. Hugo Grotius, in his famous sprain De Jure Belli ac Pacis Sovereignty is that power whose acts may not be void by the acts of other human will. Other political theorists do, in general, given similar definitions. Oppenheim Sovereignty is supreme authority, an authority which is independent of any other earthly authority. WilloughbySovereignty is the supreme will of the state. Various writers on political theory have insisted that every legally recognized state by definition is sovereign. It is simply a reminder that just as every state is legally equal to any other, so i t is legally sovereign. But if we see the contemporary interaction of states with reference to above definition, we would definitely conclude that the concept of sovereignty has again changed.The concept of absolute sovereignty has become obsolete and has been replaced by the concept of relative sovereignty/authority and interdependence. Just as in real world, some states are bigger in size, power and influence than others just like that sovereignty of the states has become relative. It must be recognized that there are now degrees of sovereignty and self-determination. Only sovereignty left with states is legal sovereignty. Except it every other aspect of the state is relative or dependent on intrastate and interstate highway factors. Concept of subject fieldismNationalism is the patriotic feeling for ones nation or country. Professor Louis L. Snyder defines nationalism as a product of political, sparing, social and intellectual factors at a certain stage in history, is a condit ion of mind, feeling or sentiment of a group of people living in a healthful-define geographical area, speaking a common language, possessing a literature in which the aspirations of the nation have been expressed, attached to common traditions and common customs, venerating its own heroes, and in some cases having a common religion. Some point out that the political nations are based more on civic nationalism, as opposed to the ethnic nationalism characteristic of the cultural nations. These observations are based on two popular theories of nationalism. Primordialists approach the terminus to which culture exists as a given resource for the constitution of nationsand instrumentalist approach, the extent to which culture has to be invented by nationalistic elites.The primordialist approach, evident in the early consort of Geertz, Shils and in the socio-biological theory of Van den Berghe, argues that ethnic and cultural attachments are pre-givens, or at least assumed givens, an d appear natural to members of a group. As against this, the instrumentalist approach, evidenced to varying degrees in the works of Brass, Hobsbawm and Nairn, argues that ethnic attachments are often invented and manipulated by elites to construct the nation as a privileged source of a groups loyalty.Im of the view that all national identities are constructed as dictated by the instrumentalist theory. In other course, there are no natural nationalities. at that place is no a priori manner in which peoples evoke be made into nations. It is the work ofnationalism to construct or produce a nation. In the words of BenedictAnderson, the nation has to be imagined. Nations are imagined because themembers of even the smallest nation will never know nigh of their fellow members,meet them, or even hear of them, yet in the minds of each livesthe image of their communion. It is through nationalist ideology that thiscommunion is constructed. Anderson traces the development of nationalism to the development of print-capitalism, which helped to produce and disseminatea common culture to ground the national imagination. 18 irrespective of what basisis used to ground this communion, nations are ultimately based on what EtienneBalibar has called fictive ethnicities. It is the work of nationalist ideology to ethnicize a community.It is through the representational weary of nationalist ideology that a community is constructed as if it formed a natural communionwith its unique and singular origin and destiny. Nation building hasalways been a mold of the state as well and the widespread existence of globalnorms on sovereignty and self-determination (and the continuing appeal of theideal of the nation-state) now ensure that existing states themselves have toengage to some extent in attempts at nation building. In other words, it is notsimply that nations often seek and demand states, but states motivating nations as well.These efforts of nation building are more evident and s tark at times of crisis such as war,but in reality are always in existence in more astute ways through various statepolicies and programs, as well as through the ideological state apparatusesin polite society. In that sense state building and nation building have become simultaneousand symbiotic processes. Yet for analytical purposes it is perhaps better not toconfuse these two processes because, even if the ends they seek are somewhatsimilar or complementary, the processes go on somewhat different.State buildingoccurs through the penetration and integration of the territorial delivery,polity and society and speaks to questions of political authority and effectivegovernance. Nation building is the construction of a cohesive cultural communitythat can demand citizen loyalty and commitment. As it is shownin the nextsection, the atomisation of nation-states refers tonation building, and inparticular to the inability of the state to build cohesive nations, while those that point to the effects of globalisation on enfeebling the nation-state often (but notexclusively) refer to problems with state building.Challenges to The Nation-State Forces of Fragmentation The authority of the nation-state depends to a large extent on its consistency,unity and stability in the eyes of its public or, in other words, of the ability ofthe state to project a united nation. The imagined nations, as Anderson pointsout, present themselves as communities,because regardless of the actualinequality and exploitation that may prevail in each, the nation is alwaysconceived as a deep, horizontal comradeship.Part of the project of the state is to seekconsent from its citizens as to the depth and equality of that comradeship. Yetthe national space has many differences and conflicts among ethnicities, races, spiritual groups, classes, genders, etc. Each of those differences threatens the coherence and unity of the national fabric. Most of the literature on fragmentation focuses on ethni c (and religious) conflicts within existing states. Nationbuilding requires that such ethnic and religious conflicts are effectively controlledby the state.Even though assimilation has been an acknowledged goal of many states historically, Talal Asad has pointed out that hegemonic power worksnot so much through suppressing differences by homogenization, as throughdifferentiating and marginalizing. The nation in projects of the state does notrepresent a singular cultural space so much as a hierarchy of cultural spaces. What RudolfoStavenhagen calls an ethnocratic state- a nation-state controlledessentially by a majority or dominant ethnie, able to exercise cultural hegemonyover the rest of the ation is the rule rather than the exception in the modernsystem of nation-states. The success of nation-building depends on the extentto which the state is able to secure a broad measure of consent on thishierarchy. The national project requires the construction of what Asad calls acultural co re that becomes the essence of the nation. At the most basiclevel, fragmentation occurs when the state is no longer (if ever) able to effectivelysecure consent on this cultural core.States have a variety of available means to meet the demands of ethnic and religious groups within their borders. To the extent that assimilation is no longerconsidered possible or effective, or even desirable, states can and do makeattempts to accommodate such demands through various political and institutionalmechanisms. Regardless of how determined and well organized thosedemands are, which might make a polity quite unstable in certain situations,fragmentation refers more specifically to situations where such demands are connected with claims to territory.Or using Oomens definition, it is when an ethnic group establishes a moral claim to territory within a state thatone can speak of paladin nationalisms, or what are sometimes called ethno nationalisms. Many states that are classified as nation-states within international relationshave always been such multi-national states like in India where different ethnicand linguistic groups are regionally organized on the basis of claims to territory,or as in the case of the Scots and Welsh within Britain. Such moral claims toterritory might not necessarily generate separatist movements.But it is the existence of such sub nationalisms that ca-cas the possibility of the fragmentation of the nation-state. Ultimately, thiscan be a crisis of the nation-state because such nationalisms threaten to fragmentone of the central bases of state sovereignty -the territorial integrity of the existingnation-state. Or maybe the civic (more than the cultural) nationalism of manymodern states makes the nation-state (unlike ethnicity or religion), simply toolarge, amorphous and psychically distant to be the object of intimate affection.The point here is that fragmentation occurs and is occurring rapidly in theworld, as evidenced in Bosnia, Rwanda, Spain, Ethiopia, Sri Lanka, Canada, toname a very few geographically diverse casings. Fragmentation occurs whenthere is a disarticulation between the state as a spatial unit (with fixed territory)with the spatial claims of the nation(s) in whose name(s) it speaks. The ultimate concern with fragmentation, as I mentioned above, is that itthreatens the territorial integrity of existing nation-states.But as IstvanHont points out, even though there might be legitimate grounds for concern over theterritorial integrity of contemporary states devolving into smaller territorialunits, this should be seen as a triumph rather than a crisisof the nation-state. Fragmentation is a threat to the existence of particular states, rather thanthe system of nation-states. It represents the failure of particular states to holdon to the spatiality ( both(prenominal) geopolitically and culturally) of their claims toauthority.But in more general terms, fragmentation represents the success ofthe ideal of the nation -state that every nation deserves its own state. This seemsmore obvious in the case of the end of empire and its dissolution into independentpolities each claiming the championship of nation-state, first in the post-World War II eraof decolonization, and more recently in the break-up of the Soviet compact andthe Eastern bloc countries. Forces of Globalization The effects of globalization on the nation-state are a bit more complex.Forces outside the nation-state can hold back, enable and influence the nation-state in a variety of ways. For the purposes of this discussion, I classify theseforces into two groups forces of scotch globalization and forces of culturalglobalization, although the two are quite closely related in many ways. Economic Globalization The development of thefield of international political economy (IPE) has pointedout thatexclusive focus on the nation-state as a unit of analysis can be inadequate inunderstanding the dimensions of economic activity in the mode rn world.Some approaches within IPE, such as Interdependence, Regime and HegemonicStability Theories continue to be state-centric. But that is not the case with anumber of other approaches. Marxist approaches in particular have been dividedover the question of the role of the state. This fraction has been over thequestion of the extent to which the supranational character of the capitalistmode of production restricts all modern state structures versus the extent to which the state plays a direct role in promoting the internationalisation ofcapital.Exemplifying the former perspective, Wallersteins World Systems Theory was based on the ontological dominance of the world capitalist system,based on a single division of grasp between the core, peripheral and semi peripheralregions of the world. Even though Wallerstein recognized the significance of nation-states in the modern world, in his analysis the essentials ofmarket exchange at the international level reduced state autonomy so m uch sothat nation-states were but super structuralattachments helping in the reproductionof the modern global capitalist system.But other scholars who have lookedat the internationalisation of capital have stressed how the state continues toplay a role in the reproduction of capitalism. Robin Murray has pointed out thatas capital extends beyond its national borders, the historical link that bound itto its particular municipal state no longer necessarily holds. But the domestic stateis not territorially limited in its activities, and it might well follow its capital and perform the critical economic roles that it has always played in thereproduction of capitalism.The gradual shift from multinational corporations towards more transnational corporations or from the internationalization of economic activity (aseconomic activity spreads across state borders) towards the globalization ofeconomic activity (which involves a more purposefulcombination of economicactivity spread globally) a lso limits state electrical condenser to control and influencedomestic national economies and thus weakens state authority over its nationalspace.This is what Mittelman has called the spatial reorganization of production, the interpenetration of industries across borders and the spread of financial markets. The spatial reorganization of production has been accompanied by changes in the international division of labor, which has includedamong other changes the feminization of certain kinds of labor. The globalization of international finance has led to the enormous flow of capital andcurrencies with increasing rapidity, big rowth of global currency speculation,offshoots trading and currency instability, and has increasingly reduced the ability of the state to control monetary and fiscal policy. In general, it hasbeen argued that in the baptistry of economic globalization, state autonomy isconsiderably reduced, as the state becomes simply a facilitator of globalization. In particul ar, it is the weakening of the welfare state occurring in the wake of the globalization of economic relaxation behavior that is seen to limit state competenceand authority all over the world.If the origins of the state had been in theprovision of security, the growth of the welfare state in post-World War IIindustrial societies has now been well known. But the decreasing appealof Keynesian macroeconomic management in post-industrial societies (and theshift to supply-side economics) and the accompanied reduction in public provision of social services threatens the legitimacy of the state as it increasingly fundsitself with little control over the economy (as jobs, investment migrate) andunable to meet the expectations of the people for securing their prosperity.Inpost-colonial societies, the disintegration of the developmentalist state with the increasing adoption of IMF- and World Bank-sponsored market liberalization,is also a potential threat to state legitimacy as the state is un able to deliver onpromises of basic needs provisions, as the vehicle for social jurist and equalityand as the symbol of national resistance to external pressures.In many ways, this sense of the declining political effectiveness of the contemporary state is not entirely baseless. Even if the state cannot, and perhaps nevercould, totally or effectively control economic activity within its borders, itsability to regulate such activity to an extent and its willingness to undertakeredistributive measures that raged some of the more socially evileffects of the market brought it a certain amount of legitimacy and approvalfrom large sections of the population.This expression of the nation-state, not simply as a provider of order and security, but as a provider of social (andeconomic) needs (as in education, health care, nutrition, housing as well as inensuring a certain level of employment, minimum wages, charge stability, etc. )has been an important and significant development of the seco nd half of the20th century. Even if there is increasing consensus in policy-making circlesaround the world of the efficiency of market forces and the need for marketliberalization and cut-backs in state activity in the economic kingdom, the expectationsof the population from the state tend to be more complex.Even wheremany sections of the population might be dissatisfied with the go ofexisting states, the initial impact of market reforms on large sections of thepopulation can be quite adverse and severe. This is evidenced, for instance, inthe cut-back of social welfare programs in advanced industrial societies on minority groups and women, as also in the adoption of IMF-imposed structuraladjustments programs on poor people and especially women in the lowereconomic classes in the developing world.The internationalization and globalization of economic activity, combined with the global spread of economic liberalization can in that sense certainly weaken the ability of the state to me et theexpectations of sections of the population, and possibly create news kinds oflegitimacy crises. This is not simply a practical problem for particular states, which of course it is. John Dunn points out that while the immediate appeal of the nation derives much more from the subjective force of being born in a particular setof social relations, the appeal of the state lies in its efficiency or competence, whichis much more objective.To the extent that the idea of the modern nation-stateis so closely linked to the idea of the welfare state or the developmentalist state, the effectiveness of the contemporary state depends on the ability of thestate to deliver on welfare or development. To that extent, the decreasedcompetency of the state to deliver on those promises could create the kindsof legitimacy crises that might call into question the durability of the nation-state. Perhaps, over time, expectations of what the state can or should do willchange. Decline of a particular form of the modern state does not indicate theend of the nation-state form.As David Armstrong argues, since states are social actors and indeed become states through international socialization,new conceptualizations of the states role in the national economy that emergeas a consequence of globalization may become statefied as states reach intersubjective understandings of how to restructure themselves and how to modulate the institutions of international society to accommodate globalization. Nation-state legitimacy will depend on the extent on which consentcoheres around new constructions of national/state identity more in tunewith the new roles of the state.To some extent, states that have recognized the impossibility of enjoyingpolitical autonomy over economic issues have increasingly turned to non-stateentities for performing these functions more effectively. For instance, Alan Milward has argued that post-war European integration, in particular the launchof monetary union, was an a ttempt by many European nation-states to increasethe capacity of the state to meet the expectations of its citizens, and in doing soto rescue the nation-state from its demise.Transfer of political authority overmonetary decision making to a supranational entity, hence losing fiscal andmonetary sovereignty, was perhaps the sole(prenominal) way for states to ensure a certainamount of economic stability in many of the states racked by huge currencyfluctuations. In this somewhat personal analysis, the creation of supranationalentities like the European Union could in contradiction make the nation-statestronger rather than weaker. But even if the role of the state can be reduced to being the agent ofglobalization, the state remains important for a number of other reasons.Despitethe rise of various forms of terrorism, including state terrorism, the stateretains significantmonopoly on the use of legitimate violence. The state continuesto have monopoly on taxation, is still seen as the ul timate negotiator of socialconflict, is expected to provide security from external threats, and to performa variety of other functions. Perhaps most importantly, in the face of globalization, the state continues to be seen as the site for many to seek protection fromsome of the effects of global corporate capitalism.As Panitch points out, notonly is the world still very much composed of states, but to that extent as there is anyeffective democracy at all in relation to the power of capitalists and bureaucratsit is still embedded in political structures that are national or sub national inscope. The exercise of democratic control over capital takes on an even greaterimportance for Southern countries increasingly subject to IMF pressures, where the state is sometimes the only refuge against eo-imperialism. The point is that even though state legitimacy is potentially threatened by economic globalization, much depends on how state roles are reconfigured inthe face of globalization. Ev en if the economic limits to national politics is not anew problem for state legitimacy, the qualitative shift in economic globalization in late 20th-century capitalism, as well as the development of the nature of thecontemporary state, does change somewhat the implications for state legitimacy.In itself, the distribution of some of the functions of state to other non-state entities,whether supranational or sub national (micro-management rather than macro-managementby the state), does not threaten state legitimacy, but can in factstrengthen it. Economic globalization certainly requires different state roles, changingexpectations from the people, and new measures of state competency, butdoes not necessarily threaten the existence of the nation-state. Cultural Globalization There is also a cultural dimension to globalization that has implications for thenation-state and its future.This has more to do with issues of identity. RolandRobertson defines globalization as both the compressio n of the world and theintensification of consciousness of the world as a whole. While the process ofthis compression might have been occurring over a very long time, the recentgrowth of communications technology (cheap and fast air travel, telephonic andtelegraphic services, satellite media transmissions, the Internet and cyberspace)has both accelerated and deepened this process. This is a process that both brings the world together and splits the world apart simultaneously.As Stuart Hall points out, globalization at the cultural level has led to both the universalisation and the fragmentation and multiplication of identities. Robertson explainsglobalization leads to the simultaneity of the particularizationof universalism (the interlingual rendition of the world as a single place) and theuniversalization of particularism (the globalized expectation that societies . . . should have distinct identities). In his more recent work, Robertson has offered the concept of g localization to emphasize the simultaneity of the homogenizing and eterogenizing forces of globalization in the late 20th-century world. Keeping in mind that these two processes are simultaneous, following are theirdifferent implications for nation-states. The homogenization forces of globalization, in one sense is, the universalisation of the demand of the nation-state as an ideal cultural political form of collective identity is itself a product of globalization. The now globalised belief that nations exist and deserve their states is fairlywell accepted and forms the normative foundation for most contemporaryinternational organizations.In addition, these international organizations have served to institutionalize the form of the nation-state, and enforce a certain amount of standardization in the nation-state system. John Meyer has shown globalization in this sense serves to strengthen the nation-state. Meyer pointsout that despite the vast economic inequalities among states, there is a worldc ulture that creates significant isomorphism among nation-states and helps victuals this dispersed world polity together.The global system of nation-statesis based on global norms that define external and internal sovereignty, and is exemplified and reproduced through the similarity of the goals ofequality and progresspursued by all nation-states. In other words, worldlevelcultural and organizationalinstructions for development and progress haveresulted in nation-state uniformity as all states follow similar objectives, policiesand programs.Connie McNeely elaborateson this concept of world culture by showing international organizations like the UN set normative and severe standards of behavior for statepractices (increasingly conformed to by nation-states around the world), andin doing so play a role in institutionalizing the nation-state system. She specifically shows the nation-state system has been standardized and reproducedthrough the invention and spread of national income sta tistics, resulting fromthe efforts of UN statisticians and from the UN line of battle and distribution of comparative tables.At least in this sense, the homogenization force ofglobalization reproduces and continues the nation-state system, rather thanthreatens its existence. Another implication of homogenization is on globalized identities in terms of global consumer capitalism. benjamin Barber describesthe homogenizing drives of McWorld (or what has also been called theMacDonaldization of the world) which has created commercialized anddepoliticized world. Kenichi Ohmae describes a consumerist world in whichbrand loyalty replaces national loyalty.But this world that is homogenized by the globalization of consumption cant erase the troublesomeness of national commitments. Corporate icons cant provide the kind of collectiveunity that national identities provide, and this is perhaps one reason for theglobal localization that Ohmae points to, in which product marketing adaptsto local (often interpreted as national) conditions, or what has come to be knownas micro-marketing. But it is these depoliticized identities that also create thedrive to resecure narrow identities so as to flight McWorlds monotonously firm essentials.The heterogenising forces of globalization, or what Robertsondescribes as the universalization of particularismclaims, in which not only has the expectation of uniqueness become institutionalized and globally widespread, but the local and the particular itself isproduced on the basis of global norms. In other words, globalization of cultural norms has produced not just the legitimacy of the idea of the nation-state, butalso the expectation that such nation-states should constitute unique and distinctidentities.This once again represents the globalization of the nationalist idea,the idea thatnation-states are legitimate because the nation is a unique, authenticcultural entity, with its singular and distinct identity. Beyer, in describingRobert sons work, calls this the relativization of particularisms, which leads to a search for particularistic identities. The globalization of this idea createsthe potential for declarations of national identity, and can ultimately create themomentum for fragmentation of existing nation-states that are somehow seen as misbegotand hence illegitimate.To the extent that such differentiationalso occurs as a response to certainhomogenizing drives of globalization,thisalso represents a success of the nationalist idea. Assertions of collective identityboth as an element of, as well as in response to, globalization is then morenation-producing than nation-destroying. This certainly is an effect of globalization that, in keeping with the argument of the last section on fragmentation,is not a threat to the nation-state but a measure of its success.The Altered Nation-State Panitch in Mittelman says, globalization is authored by states and is primarily aboutreorganizing rather than bypassing them. R ather than suggesting that the nation-state is fated to dissolve in the face of globalization, or that it will remainthe primary unaltered unit of international relations, there is a postulation of an alteredstate. The nation-state is said to exist now in one form, to have existed in the past inanother, and to be transforming itself actively into a third.This is a proposition that assumes a resilient but elastic nation-state, one that evolves over time, and whichbecomes more or less influential in different spheres depending on the utility of thatinfluence. One example of this altered state thesis is that proposed by Philip Cerny, who suggests that the nation-state is not dead(a), although its role has changed. He envisages the transformation of the nation-state from being agoverning system concerned with welfare to being a system concerned with contest. Unsurprisingly he calls this the competition state.The competition state exists in aworld of increased fragmentation and globali zation, and is characterized by a decrease ofpublic services and an increase of private services or industry. The competition state is amix of civil and business organization, and is concerned with effective returns oninvestment or effort. In the long run the state is developing into an enterpriseassociation, with key civic, public and constitutional functions subordinate to theglobal marketplace. Another example of the altered state is envisioned by Leo Panitch.Panitch thinks that globalizing pressures even on advanced industrial states has led to a reorganization of the structural power relations within states but has not diminished therole of the state. The nation-state is changing, but is not facing adisempowerment or loss of sovereignty. Indeed, Panitch would understand globalization as being written by nation-states, and the role of the state in collecting taxation,providing security, and having the monopoly of legitimate violence inside its sovereignborders as being unchan ged.Globalization and alteration of the state role is an attempt to secure global and domestic rights of capital, and not aneo-medieval dissolution of the state apparatus. Conclusion There are, no doubt, a number of threats to the coherence and durability of particular existing nation-states, but that doesnt weaken the nation-state as a historical form, as a contemporary organizing principle for collective cultural and political identity. Certainly, the severe crisis of particular nation-states, such as Afghanistan,Bosnia, Rwanda and Somalia, can generate a sense of anxiety about thefuture of the nation-state itself.Yet this sense of crisis has not seeped into acrossthe globe and most existing nation-states remain relatively stable and viabledespite the existence of various ethno-nationalist movements within them. The graph given above shows the trend of nation-state over a period of 100 years. The graph is the statistical evidence of the appeal and law of continuation of the natio n-state system as a dominant cultural-political system. In the article which was the basis of this analysis, Saquib Karamat indicates economic globalization, cultural globalization and blurring of the national ideologies as threat to the existence of nation-states.Furthermore, he says global issues also question the sovereignty of nation-states. But as analyzed above, economic globalization and cultural globalization in fact strengthen the nation-state than weakening it. While blurring of national ideology is the contemporary issue of weak states, who in some way need to put into work a national project of nation-building to keep their territories intact. The global issues like global warming dont question the authority of the state rather they implicate that all nations need to work in such a framework of communication which enables to reach a solution of common consent.Now, the analysis on the future of nation-state has made some points clear, that a nation need not to be only one with common descent (ethnic nations), there can also be nations who share common boundaries (demotic nation). A state, which has either ethnic nation or demotic nation, needs to be coherent in order to remain legitimate. The historical-political form of nation-state was based on one nation one state rule. The concept of sovereignty has changed from absolute sovereignty to degrees of sovereignty and interdependence. The process of nation-building or nationalism is a tates tool to keep it coherent. All national identities are constructed by national elites and weak states which are facing the threat of territorial disintegration should consciously employ national labor in nation-building. The forces of fragmentation and forces of globalization which seems to put at risk the existence of nation-state system, actually strengthen nation-state as a historical form and are crusade forces in the evolution of the nation-state as discusses above in the respective sections. So, nation-state needs to alter itself in order to remain competent system for the years to come.The urgency is evident from the change in the conceptof sovereignty. Since it has changed, nation-state should also be restructured in the face of globalization and fragmentation. Transferring some kinds of authority tosupranational entities, or devolving power downwards through decentralization are ways of coping with these changes, and can help retain state legitimacyrather than threaten it. Bibliography 1. E. K. Francis, Interethnic Relations An Essay in Sociological Theory (New York Elsevier, 1976). 2. Alfred Cobban, the Nation State and National Self Determination (London HarperCollins, 1969). 3.Clifford Geertz, Old Societies and New States (New York The Free Press, 1963) Edward Shils, Primordial, Personal, Sacred and Civil Ties , British Journal of Sociology, Vol. VIII, No. 2, (1957) Pierre Van den Berghe, endure and Ethnicity A Sociological prospect , Ethnic and Racial Studies, Vol. 1, No. 4 ( 1978). 4. Paul Brass, Elite Groups, Symbol Manipulation and Ethnic Identity among the Muslims of South Asia , in D. Taylor and M. Yapp (eds. ), Political Identity in South Asia (London Curzon Press,b1979) Eric Hobsbawm, Introduction Inventing Traditions and Mass-producing Traditions Europen1870 1914 , in E.Hobsbawm and T. Ranger (eds. ), The Invention of Tradition (New York Cambridge University Press, 1983), pp. 1 14 Tom Nairn, The Break-up of Britain Crisis and Neo-nationalism, 2ndedn (London Verso, 1977). 5. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities Reflections on the reference and Spread of Nationalism (London Verso, 1983) 6. Kathryn A. Manzo, Creating Boundaries The Politics of Race and Nation (London Lynne Rienner, 1996) 7. TalalAsad, Genealogies of righteousness (Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993). 8.Robin Cohen, Diasporas and the Nation-state From Victims to Challengers , external Affairs, Vol. 72, No. 3 (1996) 9. Ernest Mandel, Late Capitalism, Joris De Bres (t rans. ) (London NLB, 1972). 10. Andrew Linklater, Beyond Realism and Marxism Critical Theory and International Relations New York St. Martins Press, 1990). 11. Immanuel Wallerstein, The Capitalist World Economy (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1979 12. Immanuel Wallerstein, The Politics of the World Economy The States, the Movements and the Civilizations (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1984). 3. Robin Murray, The Internationalization of Capital and the Nation-state , New Left Review, Vol. 67 (1971), 14. Peter Dicken, Global Shift The Internationalization of Economic Activity, 2nd edn (New York Guilford Press, 1992). 15. James H. Mittelman (ed. ), Globalization Critical Reflections (Boulder Lynne Rienner, 1996) 16. R. OBrien, Global Financial Integration The End of geography (London Sage, 1990 17. John Dunn (ed. ), The Economic Limits to Politics (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1990). 18. John Dunn, Introduction Crisis of the Nation State? , Political Studies, V ol. 42, Special Issue (1994) 19. Helen Thompson, The Nation-state and International Capital in Historical Perspective , Government and Opposition, Vol. 32, No. 1 (1997) 20. Leo Panitch, Rethinking the Role of the State, (Boulder Lynne Rienner, 1996) 21. Roland Robertson, Globalization Social Theory and Global Culture (London Sage, 1992) 22. Roland Robertson as quoted in Peter Beyer, Religion and Globalization (London Sage, 1994) 23. Stuart Hall, Cultural Identity and Diaspora, in Jonathan Rutherford (ed. , Identity Community, Culture, Difference (London Lawrence &Wishart, 1990). 24. Connie L. McNeely, Constructing the Nation-state (Westport Greenwood Press, 1995). 25. Benjamin R. Barber, Jihad Vs. McWorld , The Atlantic Monthly (March 1992) 26. KemichiOhmae, The Borderless World (London Harper Business, 1990). 27. Kofman, E. and Young, G. Globalization Theory and Practice, (London Pinter,1996) 28. ShampaBiswas, W(h)ither the Nation-state? National and State identity in the Face of F ragmentation and Globalization, Global society, (16 (2), Abingdon Carfax. , 2002).

Bewitched Discussion

One of the strongest and perhaps oldest emotions of mankind is maintenance, and the most intriguing fear is the fear of the unknown. The idea of fear inspires classic and contemporary writers to explore the things that cannot be seen or fully comprehended by human understanding, from the subdivision of fear of the unknown to the exploration of something metaphysical that motivates detachment from life. One of the common themes in relation to fear that is explored in Bewitched is the subject of supernatural.Classified under the supernatural musical genre, the Bewitched story by Ueda Akinari can be compargond to the story of the Beauty or the Beast in contemporary literature where animals are used symbolically to imply something significant about the literature. However, the woman who turned out to be a snake in Bewitched is deeper and harder to explain than the man who became a beast in Beauty and the Beast. This is because the stories of the Japanese writer Akinari were do durin g 18th century where religion was highly discussed and debated.Human awareness regarding religion or divinity was very limited. In fact, the authors religious conviction and orientation about paganism is reflected in his works. In a way, the story of bewitched is also like the story of the falling angel Lucifer. Bewitched is aesthetically ludicrous and creative because Akinari initially and creatively delved into how to twist something wonderful into something unappealing yet stimulating.However, aside from this, there are presently limited stories that are similar to Akinaris Bewitched story. Even in the early twentieth century in the West, contemporary literature explored the topic of politics and societal concerns as a way of social movement for public awakening. Most of the contemporary literary pieces nowadays under the horror genre do not touch on the topic of supernatural kind rather, most of them deal with the flagitious side of human nature.

Recording, analysing and using HR information Essay

The new HR Director has requested a report that shows a review of the government activitys progression to collecting, storing, and using HR data. The findings will explain reasons why the placement requests to collect HR data. The types of data that is collected within the organisation and how each supports HR practices. A description of the methods of storing records and the benefits of each. A statement of two essential items of UK legislation relating to the recording, storage, and accessibility of HR data.1) Two reasons why the organisation needs to collect HR dataIt is essential for organisations to keep up to date and blameless records to ensure efficient forward cooking, remain competitive and provide a good service to their employees and customers. thither atomic number 18 number of reasons why an organisation needs to collect HR data, these could be toSatisfy good requirements provide relevant training in decision making and for consultation requirements, future v ictimisation/planningrecording contractual arrangements and agreementskeep employee contact details. The organisation needs to be able to provide schooling in the slip of a claim being made against the organisation. For due diligence in the event of an organisational transferGovernment departments including HMRC can demand information from the business on how m any people be employed, what they argon paid, what they have been paid over a number of years, and how many hours they have worked. The working condemnation regulations and national minimum wage act each require specific records relating to hours of work and pay details. use of goods and services protection rights demand that we keep records to protect ourselves, as employers, from claims that we have discriminated against or unfairly dismissed employees. wellness and safety legislation demands that records are kept of accidents, exposure to hazardous substances, what training has been provided, and much more. Employers m ust be able to demonstrate responsible anxiety of health and safety issues.2) Two types of data that is collected within the organisation and how each supports HR practices1. Organisational DevelopmentCIPD define organisational development as planned and systematic approach to enabling sustained organisation performance through the involvement of its people. 1 One of the ch bothenges in the slant of organisational development work is that it not just what you do, but also the mindset that is brought to bear on the work.Amongst other(a) areas, in practice the HR teamwork with the business development team to develop a performance management system that properly aligns individual and organisational goals (business aims/objectives and individual key roles and key performance indicators).The relationship surrounded by organisational development and HRIt is the underlying characteristics of organisational development work that helps to see the commonality across the different areas o f organisational development and the plug in to HR.Organisational development work contributes to the sustained health and effectiveness of the organisation is based upon robust diagnosis that uses received data from organisational, behavioral and psychological sources is planned and systemic in its focus, that is taking account of the whole organisation practitioners help to create alignment between different activities, projects and initiatives involves groups of people in the organisation to maximise engagement, possession and contribution.2. Measuring and managing Labour turnoverLabour turnover is becoming more important as a measure of organisational effectiveness. Keeping records of labour turnover is almost exclusively the responsibility of personnel and HR managers.Employers need to collect both(prenominal) qualitative and quantitative data on leavers broke down into the number of resignations, dismissals and the reasons. similarly including natural retirements, ill-heal th retirements, and deaths in service. These are broken down by department/unit, length of service and craft/role. To establish the organisations findings against the general labour market, it can benchmark its turnover rates with other organisations. The relationship between labour turnover and HRThe most effective ways of controlling and minimising labour turnover is to be able to review, improve, develop, and implement effective changes to Resourcing and endowment fund planning Pay and Reward management Learning and talent development Absence management Resources and tools in place to manage workforce engagement and participation1) A description of two methods of storing records and the benefits of each.HR records encompass a wide range of data relating to individuals working in an organisation, which may be stored in a variety of media, such as computer database or root files. There and advantages and disadvantages to both media1. Paper recordsA risk analysis needs to focus on the get storage and the prevention of threats such as fire or theft and that files can only be accessed by relevant personnel. There are legal requirements that employees are required to meet in price of the length of time that specific documents are to be retained, so thought needs to be disposed to storage space and all files must be easily retrieved and accessed when required.The business must implement and cite a good document discipline, i.e. no paper should be left laying around for wildcat access, and a clean desk at night policy must be mandatory.However, there are approximately benefits to collecting and retaining paper files. For legal matters, such document may need to be presented that show genuineness of original documents, i.e. hold original signatures etc. Paper files are not susceptible to computer viruses, they are user friendly, and there are benefits to their portability.2. Computerised recordsA risk analysis needs to focus on not just password protectio n but also long-term protection of data. To include the potential major(ip) threats of computer failure, viruses, fire and the possibilities and potential sabotage. The business provides each user a back-up facility, anti-virus software and firewalls. The business has a dedicated IT department that maintains and supports all IT systems and users. There are strict polices in place for all users to endorse to and any users found in breach of the polices will attract disciplinary action being interpreted by the business.Computerised records are beneficial because computerised systems allow for greater efficiency in performing specific tasks both more accurately and more rapidly than doing the same task using paper based records. Computerised records are easier to update, compare, analyse and speeding up the provision of information. The system will boost cost benefits through administrative savings.2) A statement of two essential items of UK legislation relating to the recording, stor age, and accessibility of HR data.The Data Protection behave 1998Data protection concerns safeguarding data and information about living individuals to maintain their privacy and good information management practice. Data protection covers manual records, including paper and all other media as well as those processed by information technology of any kind, i.e. email etc. Organisations should be committed to ensuring that all relevant personal data that it holds regarding its employees, customers and any other persons that are part of its operations is processed and saved in accordance with the legislation. The organisation can achieve this by upholding and complying with the 8 Data Protection Principles and any such amendments.