A Problem Paper on Police Searches and Child Pornography - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1423 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Tags: Childhood Essay Police Essay Did you like this example? Short Paper #2 Dr. Greenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s home was searched by the police after a judge issued a valid warrant because he was suspected of stealing new university material. While the police conducted their search they found 200 sexually explicit videos and movies both in VHS/DVD and on his computer. Fifty of these movies contain child pornography. Dr. Green was arrested on the possession of obscene material and child pornography. However he was never charged with possession of stolen items which suggests the items he was suspected of stealing were never found at Dr. Green home. The defense argues that Dr. Green is not guilty of the charges. The pornographic material found by the police is said to have contained child pornography. According to the Child pornography prevention act of 1996 (CCPA) child pornography can be defined as: any visual depiction, including any photograph, film, , video, picture, drawing or computer or computer-generated image or pi cture, which is produced by electronic, mechanical or other means, of sexually explicit conduct, where: (1) its production involved the use of a minor engaging in sexually explicit conduct, or; (2) such visual depiction is, or appears to be, of a minor engaging in sexually explicit conduct; (3) such visual depiction has been created, adapted or modified to appear that an `identifiable minorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is engaging in sexually explicit conduct; or (4) it is advertised, distributed, promoted or presented in such a manner as to convey the impression that it is a visual depiction of a minor engaging in sexually explicit conduct. (Akdeniz, 2001) In Osbone v. Ohio, the Ohio Supreme Court required that the defendant had to know that the images depicted children before being convicted of possession of child pornography. (Osborne v. Ohio, 1990, p. 103) If we closely look at the second point from the CCPA, it states à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“such visual depiction is, or appears to be, of a minor engaging in sexually explicit conductà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Appears to beà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  being the keyword, there is no evidence to suggest that Dr. Green had knowledge that the characters in the movies were minors. Furthermore, at first glance, by community standards, child pornography might be regarded as obscene material but to truly determine that, we apply the Three-Prong Miller Test. The Miller Test states that: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“(1) Whether the average person, applying contemporary community standards, would find that the work, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest, (2) Whether the work depicts/describes, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct specifically defined by applicable state law, (3) Whether the work, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Miller v. California, 1973, p. 15) The material in question is considered obscene only if all three conditions are satisfied. Dr. Green teac hes classes on human behavior at the university and it very plausible that Dr. Green uses this material for research with no evidence to suggest otherwise. After all, sex is a basic human need and has a great influence on human behavior. The materials found have scientific value and therefore cannot be considered obscene. The defendant requests that the evidence gathered from Dr. Greenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s hard drive be suppressed as it was unlawfully obtained. The police had a legal warrant to search Dr. Green house for stolen material. Search warrants authorize law enforcement to search a specified place for evidence. Searching Dr. Greenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s hard drive constitutes a breach of privacy. The fourth Amendment provides: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The right of the people to be secure in the persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated; and no Warrants shall issue, but on probably cause, supported by the oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the person or thing to be seized.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Ferrera and Reder et al., 2012, p. 365) There was no probable cause to search Dr. Greenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s computer or hard drive as the stolen item in question is not of digital format, hence searching Dr. Greenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s laptop is considered unconstitutional. In addition, Dr. Green viewed these materials in the privacy of his home which constitutes as his à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Zone of Privacyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  which is protected by the Bill of Rights. Citing Stanley v. Georgia, the court held that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“First and Fourteenth Amendments prohibit making mere private possession of obscene material a crime and that the States retain broad power to regulate obscenity; that power simply does not extend to mere possession by the individual in the privacy of his own home.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Stanley v. Georgia, 1969, p. 557) The defense rests its case. The Police argue that the search and seizure was constitutional because they had a warrant that gave them the right to enter Dr. Greenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s apartment. Although the warrant permitted the police to gain access to Dr. Greenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s apartment and search for the stolen material, the Plain View Doctrine permits law enforcement to seize any contraband in plain view even if those items are not mentioned in the warrant. The plain view doctrine states: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“(1) the officer must already have lawful presence in an area protected by the 4th Amendment. In a house, that would mean that the officer must have entered with a warrant, exigency or consent. (2) The officer must observe an item in plain view. (3) The officer must immediately recognize the item as evidence or contraband without making a further intrusion.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Horton v. California, 1990, p. 128) Using the Plain View Doctrine, the legal search warrant gave the police the right to enter Dr. Greenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s apartment and while the officer was conducting his search, a plain view observation was made when the pornographic material was discovered. The officer recognized the material as obscene and considered it illegal using community standards. Under these conditions the officer had the right to seize the pornographic material and arrest Dr. Green for possession of obscene material. Furthermore, the officer did not invade Dr. Greenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s privacy as he was lawfully present in Dr. Greenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s apartment. In Horton v. Californian he court held that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The prohibition against general searches and warrants is based on privacy concerns, which are not implicated when an officer with a lawful right of access to an item in plain view seizes it without a warrantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . (Horton v. California, 1990, p. 128) Dependence on privacy concerns is inapt because the officers already had a lawful right to be Dr. Greenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s apartment. In conc lusion, based on the facts and arguments made, I believe the defendant has a stronger case. Using the Miller Test the defendant was able to prove that the material was not obscene because it had scientific value. The test proves that the materials found in Dr. Greenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s apartment are not obscene hence on this point alone, the prosecution has no case. Furthermore, In Stanley and Georgia the court held that the Firth and Fourth Amendments prohibits making mere obscene material a crime as long as it remained within the privacy of the defendantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s home. (Stanley v. Georgia, 1969, p. 557) In addition, in Osborne and Ohio, the Supreme Court required that the defendant had to have had knowledge that the images depicted children before being convicted of possession of child pornography. (Osborne v. Ohio, 1990, p. 103) There is no evidence to suggest that Dr. Green knew that the characters depicted in the films were children. Besides, there manner in which the evidence was obtained can be questioned. Search warrants authorize law enforcement and limit the search to a specified place for evidence. The police argued that the evidence was legally gathered using the Plain View Doctrine. The third part of the Plain View Doctrine states à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The officer must immediately recognize the item as evidence or contraband without making a further intrusionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Without further inspection or intrusion, it is difficult to plainly look at DVDs/VHS and conclude that the material is contraband. The conspicuousness of these materials is not prominent as guns, drugs or any other obvious contraband. DVDs/VHS at first glance cannot be identified as contraband without further observation. I believe Dr. Greenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Fourth Amendment rights were violated. To sum it up, Dr. Green was not in possession of obscene material nor did he commit a crime and the nature of how the evidence was gotten can be questioned. At this juncture, I b elieve Dr. Green should be acquitted. Reference Akdeniz, Y. 2001. Regulation of Child Pornography on the Internet. [online] Available at: https://www.cyber-rights.org/reports/uscases.htm [Accessed: 26 Mar 2014]. Arizona v. Hicks. 480 321. 1987. Ferrera, Gerald, Margo Reder, Stephen Lichtenstein, Robert Bird, Jonathan Darrow, Jeffrey Aresty and Jacqueline Klosek. CyberLaw Text Cases. CyberLaw Text Cases. South-Western, 2012. Horton v. California. 496 128. 1990 Miller v. California. 413 15. 1973 Osborne v. Ohio. 495 103. 1990. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Stanley v. Georgia. 394 557. 1969. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Problem Paper on Police Searches and Child Pornography" essay for you Create order

Technology From The Industrial Revolution - 1179 Words

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Inventory Management - Bullwhip Effect free essay sample

M213 OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT BULLWHIP EFFECT Bullwhip Effect †¢ Tendency of a player in the supply chain of a material or product in short supply to buy more than they need in the immediate future. †¢ Logistic phenomenon named after the way the amplitude of a whip increases down its length. Why the bullwhip effect occurs? Demand Forecasting †¢ One day, the manager of a retailer observed a larger demand (sales) than expected. †¢ He increased the inventory level because he expected more demand in the future (forecasting). The manager of his wholesaler observed more demand (some of which are not actual demand) than usual and increased his inventory. †¢ This caused more (non-real) demand to his maker; the manager of the maker increased his inventory, and so on. This is the basic reason of the bull whip effect. Bullwhip Effect †¢ Businesses must forecast demand in order to properly position inventory and other resources. †¢ Forecast are traditionally based on statistics and are rarely perfectly accurate. †¢ Because forecast errors are a given, companies often carry inventory buffer (safety stock). Demand information is distorted as it travels within the supply chain, so that different stages have different perspectives and estimates of the chain demand. Why the bullwhip effect occurs? Lead time †¢ With longer lead times, a small change in the estimate of demand variability implies a significant change in safety stock, reorder level, and thus in order quantities. †¢ Thus a longer lead time leads to an increase in variability and the bull whip effect. Why the bullwhip effect occurs? Batch Ordering When using a min-max inventory policy, then the wholesaler will observe a large order, followed by several periods of no orders, followed by another large order, and so on. †¢ The wholesaler sees a distorted and highly variable pattern of orders. †¢ Thus, batch ordering increases the bull whip effect. Why the bullwhip effect occurs? Variability of Price †¢ Retai lers (or wholesalers or makers) offer promotions and discounts at certain times or for certain quantities. †¢ Retailers (or customers) often attempt to stock up when prices are lower. †¢ It increases the variability of demands and the bull whip effect. Why the bullwhip effect occurs? Lack of supply and supply allocation †¢ When retailers suspect that a product will be in short supply, and therefore anticipate receiving supply proportional to the amount ordered (supply allocation). †¢ When the period of shortage is over, the retailer goes back to its standard orders, leading to all kinds of distortions and variations The Beer Game †¢ Role-playing simulation developed in the 1960’s at MIT’s Sloan School of Management †¢ Production and distribution of beer. – Players divide themselves into groups: Retailer, Wholesaler, Distributor, and Brewer. Weekly consumer demand simulated by a deck of cards †¢ Retailer sells from his inventory and reorders from the Wholesaler, who sells from his inventory and reorders from the Distributor, who in turn sells from his inventory and reorders from the Brewer, who finally sells from his inventory and restocks from his production. †¢ Order processing de lays; Shipping delays †¢ Inventory carrying costs; Stockout costs †¢ Players base their decisions strictly on the orders they receive from their respective buyers. Consequences of the Bullwhip Effect †¢ Lower revenues. Stockouts and backlogs mean lost sales, as customers take their business elsewhere. †¢ Higher costs. – High carrying cost – Stockout cost – Distributors need to expedite orders (at higher shipping expenses) – Manufactures need to adjust jobs (at higher setups and changeover expenses, higher labor expenses for overtime, perhaps even higher materials expenses for scarce components. ) – All entities in the supply chain must also invest heavily in outsized facilities (plants, warehouses) to handle peaks in demand, resulting in alternating under or over-utilization. Consequences of the Bullwhip Effect †¢ Worse quality. Quirky, unplanned changes in production and delivery schedules disrupt and subvert control proce sses, begetting diverse quality problems that prove costly to rectify. †¢ Poorer service. – Irregular, unpredictable production and delivery schedules also lengthen lead time, causing delay and customer dissatisfaction. Causes of Bullwhip Effect †¢ Demand variability, quality problems, strikes, plant fires, etc. †¢ Variability coupled with time delays in the transmission of information up the supply chain and time delays in manufacturing and shipping goods down the supply chain create the bullwhip effect. Causes of Bullwhip Effect 1. Overreaction to backlogs 2. Neglecting to order in an attempt to reduce inventory 3. No communication up and down the supply chain 4. No coordination up and down the supply chain 5. Delay times for information and material flow Causes of Bullwhip Effect 6. Order batching larger orders result in more variance. Order batching occurs in an effort to reduce ordering costs, to take advantage of transportation economics such as full truck load economies, and to benefit from sales incentives. Promotions often result in forward buying to benefit more from the lower prices. 7. Shortage gaming: customers order more than they need during a period of short supply, hoping that the partial shipments they receive will be sufficient. Causes of Bullwhip Effect 8. Demand forecast inaccuracies: everybody in the chain adds a certain percentage to the demand estimates. The result is no visibility of true customer demand. 9. Free return policies Countermeasures to the Bullwhip Effect Order Batching †¢ High order cost is countered with Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and computer aided ordering (CAO). – Full truck load economics are countered with third-party logistics and assorted truckloads. Random or correlated ordering is countered with regular delivery appointments. – More frequent ordering results in smaller orders and smaller variance. †¢ However, when an entity orders more often, it will not see a reduction in its own demand variance the reduction is seen by the upstream entities. †¢ Also, when an entity orders more frequently, its required safety stock may increase or decrease; see the standard loss function in the Inventory Management section. Shortage Gaming †¢ Proportional rationing schemes are countered by allocating units based on past sales. Ignorance of supply chain conditions can be addressed by sharing capacity and supply information. – Unrestricted ordering capability can be addressed by reducing the order size flexibility and implementing capacity reservations. – For example, one can reserve a fixed quantity for a given year and specify the quantity of each order shortly before it is needed, as long as the sum of the order quantities equals to the reserved quantity. Fluctuating Prices †¢ High-low pricing can be replaced with every day low prices (EDLP). Special purchase contracts can be implemented in order to specify ordering at regular intervals to better synchronize delivery and purchase. Demand Forecast Inaccuracies †¢ Lack of demand visibility can be addressed by providing access to point of sale (POS) data. †¢ Changes in pricing and trade promotions and channel initiatives, such as vendor managed inventory (VMI), coordinated forecasting and replenishment (CFAR), and continuous replenishment can significantly reduce demand variance. Free Return Policies †¢ Free return policies are not addressed easily. Often, such policies simply must be prohibited or limited. Vendor Managed Inventory Vendor Managed Inventory †¢ VMI is means of optimizing Supply Chain performance in which the manufacturer is responsible for maintaining the distributors inventory levels. †¢ The manufacturer has access to the distributors inventory data and is responsible for generating purchase orders. †¢ Under the typical business model: – When a distributor needs product, they place an order against a manufacturer. – The distributor is in total control of the timing and size of the order being placed. The distributor maintains the inventory plan. †¢ Vendor Managed Inventory model – The manufacturer receives electronic data (usually EDI or via the internet) that tells him the distributors sales and stock levels. – The manufacturer can view every item that the distributor carriers as well as true point of sale data. – The manufacturer is responsible for creating and maintaining the inventory plan. – Under VMI, the manufacturer generates the order, not the distributor. VMI does not change the â€Å"ownership† of inventory. It remains as it did prior to VMI. Vendor Managed Inventory Popularized in the late 1980s by Wal-Mart and Procter Gamble, VMI became one of the key programs in the grocery industry’s pursuit of â€Å"efficient consumer response† and the garment industry’s â€Å"quick response. † †¢ Successful VMI initiatives have been trumpeted by other companies in the United States, including Campbell Soup and Johnson Johnson, and by European firms like Barilla (the pasta manufacturer). The VMI Partnership †¢ The supplier—usually the manufacturer but sometimes a reseller or distributor—makes the main inventory replenishment decisions for the consuming organization. The supplier monitors the buyer’s inventory levels (physically or via electronic messaging) and makes periodic resupply decisions regarding order quantities, shipping, and timing. – Transactions customarily initiated by the buyer (like purchase orders) are initiated by the supplier instead. – The purchase order acknowledgment from the supplier may be the first indication that a transaction is taking place; an advance shipping notice informs the buyer of materials in transit. The manufacturer is responsible for both its own inventory and the inventory stored at is customers’ distribution centers. Benefits of Vendor Managed Inventory 1. Improved customer service. By receiving timely information directly from cash registers, suppliers can better respond to customers’ inventory needs in terms of both quantity and location. 2. Reduced demand uncertainty. By constantly monitoring customers’ inventory and demand stream, the number of large, unexpected customer orders will dwindle, or disappear altogether. Benefits of Vendor Managed Inventory 3. Reduced inventory requirements. By knowing exactly how much inventory the customer is carrying, a supplier’s own inventory requirements are reduced ince the need for excess stock to buffer against uncertainty is reduced or eliminated. 4. Reduced costs. To mitigate the up-front costs that VMI demands, Fox suggests that manufacturers reduce costs by reengineering and merging their order fulfillment and Distribution Center replenishment activities. Benefits of Vendor Managed Inventory †¢ While these are all potential b enefits of VMI, the most important ones were not cited. 1. Improved customer retention. Once a VMI system is developed and installed, it becomes extremely difficult and costly for a customer to change suppliers. 2. Reduced reliance on forecasting. With customers for whom a supplier runs VMI programs, the need to forecast their demand is eliminated. Pitfalls of Vendor Managed Inventory 1. EDI problems: Extensive EDI testing should be done to validate the data being sent. Is the distributor sending all the data that should be sent? Is each field populated with the correct data? 2. Acceptance: Make sure that all employees involved in the process fully understand and accept this new way of doing business. Its not enough to just sell the concept to senior management, all employees who are involved must be willing participants. . Promotions/Events: Anything that adds or takes away from the normal ordering pattern must be properly communicated. Pitfalls of Vendor Managed Inventory 4. Customer Base: Any large customers, either gained or lost, must be communicated to the manufacturer. The distributor must guide the manufacturer on how this will effect sales. 5. Over/Obsolete Stock: An agreement must exi st between the manufacturer and the distributor on what to do if an overstock does occur (or in the case of an ordering error). Also, both parties must agree on how to handle obsolete stock. . Time: Both parties involved must understand that this is a learning process. Errors will occur. You will probably not have a perfect process in place from day 1. Summary †¢ Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) – VMI is a continuous replenishment program in which the retailer provides the supplier with detailed information to allow the supplier to manage and replenish product at the store or warehouse level – Typically the activities of forecasting, scheduling, requisitioning and ordering are performed by the supplier. The retailer does the invoice matching and handles payment – EDI is an integral part of the VMI process Summary †¢ Benefits of VMI – – – – – Eliminating repetitive purchasing activities Lowered costs of processing claims Reduced inventory Increased inventory turns Solidified customer-vendor relationships †¢ VMI has its drawbacks when not implemented properly. Be aware of EDI problems, employee acceptance, and trust among the supply chain partners.

The Struggle For Europe Essays - Communism In Russia,

The Struggle For Europe Though this student looked in Who's Who and Contemporary Authors, no information on Chester Wilmot could be found. One considered searching the Directory of American Scholars, but that would not be helpful since he is from Australia. In The Struggle for Europe, Wilmot seeks to explain several points. First, he explores and explains how the western allies succeeded militarily but failed politically during World War II. He then elaborates on how and why the western allies crushed the Nazi regime; yet, they allowed the Soviet Union to overtake Eastern Europe and block the Atlantic Charter from taking effect in those nations. Third, the author discusses Hitler's defeat and Stalin's victory. Fourthly, he endeavors on a mission to explain how the Soviet Union replaced Germany as the dominant European power. Beginning with the Battle of Britain, the book takes the reader through the war up to the surrender of Germany. In this process Wilmot touches on Hitler's alliance with Mussolini, Hitler's conquest of France, the Lowlands, and the Balkans, and the Nazi dictator's collapse in the expansion of the Soviet Union. The author strategically builds the Allied alliance, through the book's course, and he uses the Normandy invasion to illustrate its full effectiveness. Also included are discussions on the concessions granted to Stalin by the Allies in general, and Franklin D. Roosevelt in particular. President Roosevelt believed that Stalin wanted security for his country with no territorial acquisitions in mind. In order to give the Soviet leader his second front in Europe, FDR also put the Japanese problem in the Pacific aside. By providing the reader with first-hand quotes and writings from the Nazi war machine's hierarchy, Wilmot looks at the external and internal workings of the German Wehrmacht in meticulous detail. The U-boat campaign, the inadequacies of the Luftwaffe, and the shortcomings of the Panzer divisions are discussed. The war, from April 1940 to May 1945, is expertly covered. He details various meetings of Allied and Axis partners, various battles, and various strategies. In this study, the author used very readable and easily accessible language. Events are described in good detail and his ideas are well related. The emphasis of The Struggle for Europe seems to be on two major topics that are stated in the preface. The first topic deals exclusively with the defeat of Germany. The second topic deals with the alliance between the United States and Great Britain. By covering the defeat of the German armed forces on the western, eastern, and Mediterranean fronts, he gives reasons for their ever y failure. Throughout the book, statistics are given representing German war production in terms of tanks, planes, guns, vehicles, soldiers, and ships. The second topic is probed in almost as much detail as the first. Wilmot describes the western alliance from very near the book's beginning. He details Churchill and Roosevelt's close friendship and partnership during the war. He skillfully deals with the United States being the number two man in the alliance's beginning and how the U.S. slowly emerges as the premier partner toward the end of the hostilities. The reason these two topics come to the forefront is due to the fact that the struggle in the west engrossed the defeat of Germany by the western alliance along with the Soviet Union. The Struggle for Europe is very well organized. The book's organization develops along chronological lines beginning with the Battle of Britain. The author proceeds through the work hitting on all the key quotes, speeches, conferences, battles, and decisions that occurred during the war. Each chapter is organized along the same line as the course of events happened during the war. Background inform ation is insightfully given before and during most events described, so that even one with very little WWII knowledge can understand the event being discussed. The extra background also helps expand the knowledge of the most avid WWII followers. The Struggle for Europe deals fairly with both the Allied and Axis situations and decisions. Wilmot gives equal discussion time to both sides in regards to strategy, view point, and military standing. The book's overall organization exemplifies itself in terms of its thoroughness and readability. He touches on almost every aspect of the European theater in 717

Upside Down in the Middle of Nowhere Book Review

Upside Down in the Middle of Nowhere Book Review In Upside Down in the Middle of Nowhere by Julie T. Lamana, Armani Curtis, a young African-American girl living in the Ninth Ward district of New Orleans, is completely uprooted from her world when Hurricane Katrina rips through her neighborhood. In her search to be reunited with family members, she discovers personal strengths and the real meaning of community. The publisher lists the book for ages 10 and older. Summary of the Story Its late August 2005 and 9-year-old Armani Curtis, looking forward to her birthday weekend, cannot wait to join the double digits club. Nothing, not even the persistent rumors of a storm, can burst Armani’s excitement until she notices her parents’ apprehension. Focusing on her celebration, Armani is disappointed when the other members of her family, including her beloved MeMaw, seem preoccupied with threats of a dangerous storm. When her older brother Georgie tells her the next door neighbors are evacuating, she makes him promise not to tell her parents until after her birthday. Despite their worries and a stormy black sky, Armani’s parents celebrate her tenth birthday with a Bar-B-Q, a delicious buttercream cake with blue frosting, and a brand new puppy which she promptly names Cricket. The celebration is cut short when a neighbor bursts into the backyard telling everyone it’s too late to evacuate and to prepare for a major storm.   Powerful winds begin to blow shattering windows and panic ensue when Georgie notices a rapidly approaching wave of water rolling over everything in its path and heading towards their home. The levee protecting their Ninth Ward neighborhood has broken and there is nowhere to go. The family flees to the attic to save their lives, but their nightmare is just beginning. Trapped in the attic with the floodwaters rising, Armani’s asthmatic baby brother is gasping for air while there are only a few bottles of water between them.  Their crisis grows more distressing as Armani’s brother and then her father, jump into the fast-moving floodwater to capture her birthday puppy. Stranded, the family of refugees must wait for rescue while worrying about the outcome of those family members who jumped into the water. Once on dry land, Armani is left to watch over the younger kids while her mom searches desperately for a clinic to help the sickly baby. Armani realizes it is up to her to keep her small group together amidst the crisis around her. In the process, she discovers how to trust, how to survive, and how to nurture hope in the face of great despair. Author Julie T. Lamana Julie Lamana knows first-hand the destruction brought on by Hurricane Katrina. In 2005 Lamana worked as a literacy aide in a Louisiana school. In the aftermath of the hurricane, she helped displaced children and found in her experiences the seeds to write a story. As a child growing up in a military family, Lamana moved many times and found it difficult to create lasting relationships and thus found comfort in books. Now retired from education, she spends her time writing and is currently at work on her next middle-grade book. Lamana and her family Lamana live in Greenwell Springs, Louisiana.   Recommendation and Review For readers who like survival stories, Upside Down in the Middle of Nowhere is a fearsome read. Real life scenarios based on Julie Lamana’s personal experiences dealing with Hurricane Katrina create the story foundation for those uncertain first few days in the Ninth Ward district of New Orleans, Louisiana.  These experiences provided material for an authentic, emotional story for readers who value accurate detail and realistic characters. The character of Armani Curtis transforms from a self-centered, judgmental child, to a conscientious young girl who learns to accept and trust others. Despite many warnings of the approaching storm, Armani is determined to not let anything take away from her special occasion. Lamana deliberately highlights Armani’s self-centered character (pretty typical of her age) so readers can clearly identify the great emotional changes the hurricane brings about forcing Armani to put aside her childish ways in order to make independent and protective decisions about her younger siblings. Within a matter of days, Armani’s childhood vanishes.  Fear and distrust color her every action, but over time Armani begins to allow others to help her rebuild trust. Like a gathering storm, this story starts out at a leisurely pace gradually building in intensity. A typical day of riding the bus, dealing with bullies, and sitting on the front porch swing with her beloved MeMaw slowly moves into whispered rumors of a gathering storm. Television newscasts, neighbors’ midnight evacuations, and an ever-changing colorful sky take Armani and her family from a birthday celebration to a fight for survival.   A Gentle Warning for Parents Julie Lamana has personal experience with Hurricane Katrina and she witnessed the devastating physical, social, and mental effects of the hurricane. Hence, she gives readers an authentic story where a very young girl must deal with death, disease, and despair. While not graphic in detail, there is no sugarcoating about the dead bodies floating in the water, the mass looting, or desperate â€Å"crazies† that Armani meets as she struggles to make sense of the chaos around her. A worthy book to understand how a natural disaster affects a community and a family, I highly recommend Upside Down in the Middle of Nowhere. Be sure to have a box of tissues close by. (Chronicle Books, 2014. ISBN: 9781452124568)

ABA - Applied Behavior Analysis

ABA - Applied Behavior Analysis ABA or Applied Behavior Analysis is a time tested and data-based strategy for teaching children with disabilities. It is most often used with children with autistic spectrum disorders but is an effective tool for children with behavioral disorders, multiple disabilities, and severe intellectual handicaps. It is the only treatment for Autistic Spectrum disorders approved by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration.) ABA is based on the work of B.F. Skinner, also known as the father of Behaviorism.   Behaviorism is a scientific means of understanding behavior.   Known as the three-term contingency, behavior is stimulus, response, and reinforcement.   It is also understood as Antecedent, Behavior, and Consequence, or ABC.   The ABCs of ABA The antecedent is what happens before the behavior, and may or may not have a causal relationship.  The behavior is what the subject does:   we try to operationalize the behavior, or find a way to objectively describe the behavior.   We would not say Jimmy was disrespectful, we would say Jimmy shouted at the teacher and called her an inappropriate racially charged term.  Finally, the consequence, or what happens after the behavior.   It is usually here that we look for the reinforcement: in other words, what Jimmy gets out of calling the teacher that bad name.   Is it attention from his peers?   Is it being sent to the office so he misses the spelling test?   Another scientist who significantly credited with developing ABA was Ivar Lovaas, a psychologist at the University of California Los Angeles.   His seminal work in applying behaviorism to children significantly disabled with autism led to what we now call ABA.   For many people, behaviorism seems overly mechanistic.   Human beings are value and meaning assigning creatures, and we would like to believe that there is some powerful underlying mystic about behaviorhence Freudianism.   Although it may seem simplistic, behaviorism may be the best way to strip away all our cultural prejudices and see behaviors as they are.   This is especially helpful with children with autism, who have difficulty with communication, appropriate social interaction, and language.   Moving to the three-term contingency helps us evaluate what we really see when we see a behavior.   So Jimmy tantrums?   What is the antecedent?   Does it cause it?   What does the behavior look like?   And finally, what happens when Jimmy tantrums?   ABA has proven to be an effective means to support appropriate social, functional and even academic behavior.   A special form of ABA, known as VBA or Verbal Behavioral Analysis, applies the tenets of ABA to language; hence Verbal Behavior. The BACB, or Behavior Analyst Certification Board, is the international organization that certifies professionals who design and create the therapies that are used, especially what are called Discrete Trials.   Discrete trials involve the stimulus, response, reinforcement three-term contingency mentioned above. The BACB also maintains a roster of local BCBAs who can provide services to children with autism. Also Known As: VBA, Lovaas

PSYCHOLOGY Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

PSYCHOLOGY - Research Paper Example In order to execute such paradigms, numerous psychological theories have been devised to classify humans under diverse patterns and syndromes. An understanding of the psychology enables one to eradicate various therapeutic problems. Thus, psychology is not confined to any core study but it encompasses a complete understanding about the nature and the conditions under which a person was nurtured. In the article "The effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy and cognitive behavior therapy in the treatment of personality disorders: A meta-analysis", the authors have conducted a meta-analysis to highlight the impact of psychodynamic therapy, as well as cognitive behavior therapy to treat personality disorders. Although the article does not include heredity and environment, the authors have used psychoanalytical perspectives and rely on the scientific findings, but fail to explain several important issues which are discussed here. However, any activity that affects the performance or behavio r of an individual is designated as behavior or mental process. The article does not specify the aspects of mental processes which are associated with different cognitive operations essential in learning process and in procuring knowledge, reasoning, memory, learning skills, perception, outlook, concentration, skill to be alert and attentive, language skills, communication, thoughts, aptitude, emotions, decision making and problem solving skills ("What is cognitive psychology?"). Although the article addresses the psychologists and explains the intricacies associated with the understanding of mental and behavior processes, it fails in being considerate towards brain functioning, communication, interpersonal predispositions, motivation and social behavior together with the physiological and neurological predilections. The article does not consider developmental aspects which play an imperative role in the process of nurture and formation of nature/temperament ("A rational model of th e effects of distributional information on feature learning"). One of the key features in psychology is cognitive studies, an assessment of mental processes. The psychologist must understand the attitude as well as propensity of the patient to deal with the personality disorders. The article lacks in emphasizing upon the cognitive understanding and, hence, the mental process, alteration of which is responsible for personality disorders. Evidently, as an individual matures, perception and understanding about the circumstances and situations also expands. Some may have the intellect to understand others, learn about their nature and circumstances, and react to the event in more pleasing manner, while others tend to be short tempered and reactionary towards a situation and display rage and anguish. These psychological aspects are not well defined in the article to implement the cognitive behavior therapy for personality disorder ("What is Cognitive Psychology?"). In the present scenari o where the competition is hard-hitting and individuals are chip in a career race, an approach is desired where judgmental move toward attitude could be worked well. One has to be critical in displaying cognitive behavior, enhanced memory power, quick as well as appropriate decision making temperament, and organization of educational program to boost learning power in order to prove their worth. A