Agricultural Wage †Productivity Relationship Analysis

plain lease Productivity Relationship AnalysisA STUDY ON AGRICULTURAL WAGE PRODUCTIVITY RELATIONSHIP WITH REFERENCE TO GROUNDNUT CROP IN CHITTOOR DISTRICT (ANDHRA PRADESH)Dr. E. Lokanadha Reddy, revoke The attach in production and productiveness are influencing inelegant reward. But the results of empirical studies have shown a affirmative blood betwixt corpo true(a) stipend and productivity. It is in like manner observed that the significant honorarium search to have declined or remained stagnant in spite of change magnitude awkward production. However, a close kin may be found among wages and productivity. there are number of studies on the rural sector in Chittoor district. But the research on outlandish wage productivity relationship is authoritatively limited. This paper aims to strike the rural absorb Productivity Relationship with reference to wild bean roam in Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh. An move has been made to get a line the relatio nship between wages and payoff, output price of major crop Groundnut for entire district as a whole. A regression forge is used to study the relationship. In the present study, the relevant secondary data for informative and explained variables is collected from the nose count of India 1991 Population Census and also from handbook of statistics and other unpublished official records of the forefront Planning Officer, Chittoor. The primary data indispensable is collected through field survey 1998-99. In case of womanly rustic labour, regarding the lagged deports, the step of maturation in real wages (0.19) is double as compared to that of m hotshoty wages. This change magnitude in real wages over bullion wages reveals that the economic position of the female agricultural labour may be subjoind due to raise in lagged yields. Owing to the lagged price, the rate of emergence in real wages of female agricultural labour (0.39) as compared to the female agricultural m un matchabley wages (1.41) is approximately one forth. This result shows that about 3/ quaternate of the monetary gains of the female agricultural labour has been interpreted apart by consumer price rise. From this rate of growing in real wages, it may be think that the real economic position of the female agricultural labour has been deteriorated marginally. The equivalent variables for the male population is studied and analysed . Further, the same was calculated separately for the three revenue divisions of Chittoor regularize.Keywords- Agricultrual Productivity Female Money Wagerate Female Real Wagerate mannish Money Wagerate Male Real Wagerate Regression Co-efficientsI. IntroductionThe term agricultural productivity we mean the variable relationship between the agricultural output and one of the major input such as land. The or so commonly used term for representing agricultural productivity is the average yield per hectare of land. After the introduction of neo agricultu ral technique along with the adoption of hybrid seeds, extension of irrigation facilities and application of intensive methods of cultivation in India, yield per hectare of all crops has recorded a steep rising trend. artless productivity in India has undergone an disconnected change in the Post-Green rotation period. But the fruits of green revolution were mostly available to nearly crabby states only, as the introduction of new agricultural strategy was very much restricted into some crabbed states like Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttarpradesh. Thus while the agricultural productivity in all other states remained much or less static or increased slowly but the agricultural productivity of some crops in those particular states adopting new agricultural strategy has increased substantially. All these had led to a last degree of inter-state differences in agricultural productivity in the country.The condition of Indian agriculture still for the most part remains backward alth ough it is considered as the backbone of the Indian economy. kitchen-gardening productivity which is composed of both productivity of land and labour as well, is among the lowest in the world. Average yield per hectare in India is quite down the stairs the world average in all crops. It is much lower as compared with even the yield evaluate prevailing in less advanced countries of the world. With the introduction of economic planning in India, although some stairs have been undertaken for improving the conditions of agriculture, its conditions have not changed much.In subsistence farming, the relation between wages and productivity is not like that in the modern sector where additional labour is employed to increase output and we cypher an employer equating wages with the marginal product. Wages and productivity are related in the sense that wages are paid out of total product, which depends upon productivity.The increase in production and productivity are influencing agricultur al wages. But the results of empirical studies have shown a positive relationship between real wages and productivity. It is also observed that the real wages seem to have declined or remained stagnant in spite of increasing agricultural production. However, a close relationship may be found between wages and productivity.There are number of studies on the agricultural sector in Chittoor district. But the research on agricultural wage productivity relationship is very limited. Hence an attempt is made to study the coarse Wage Productivity Relationship with reference to Groundnut crop in Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh.II. OBJECTIVESThe following is the objective of the studyTo study the outlandish Wage Productivity Relationship with reference to Groundnut crop in Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh.III. METHODOLOGYAn attempt has been made to study the relationship between wages and yield, output price of major crop Groundnut for entire district as a whole. Therefore the followi ng regression model is proposed to study the relationship. Y = a+ b X1 +c X2 (1)Where,Y = Real/ notes wagerateX1 = Lagged yield (Quintals per hectare)X2 = Lagged price (Rs. Per quintal)a, b and c are the constants.Both the elongated and log-linear models have been estimated to the above model and it is decided that the log linear model yields good results. Hence, the analysis has been carried out to log linear model only. The log linear model is as follows logY = a+ b logX1 +c logX2 (2)In the present study, the relevant secondary data for explanatory and explained variables is collected from the Census of India 1991 Population Census and also from handbook of statistics and other unpublished official records of the Chief Planning Officer, Chittoor. The primary data required is collected through field survey 1998-99.IV. FINDINGSIt is proposed to study the relationship between wages with yield and output prices per quintal of groundnut. Between the linear and log-linear estima tes log-linear model gives better results than the linear estimates. The comparability (2) given in the methodology is estimated. The results were analysed based on log-linear estimates for the entire district as a whole.The estimated regression equality for female cash wagerate isY = -7.2169 + 0.0821 X1 +1.4356* X2(0.2840) (0.1258)R2 = 0.9064 , F = 76.8136** Significant at 5 per centime probability level.The twain estimated regression co-efficients of lagged yield (X1) and lagged price (X2) are positive. It means, the effect of these 2 variables on capital wagerate (Y) is positive. An increase in these devil variables will increase the female notes wagerate in Chittoor district. An increase in one unit of lagged yield will increase the female money wagerate by 0.08 units, but this increase is not significant. Similarly, an increase in one unit of lagged price will increase the female money wagerate by 1.44 units. This increase is significant. Hence, female money wages are influenced by changes in the yield and prices of output. single unit increase in output would result in more than one unit increase in money wage showing the improvements in real wages. With respect to the groundnut yield, the positive co-efficients of yield implying that wages are influenced by changes in the yields. It indicates that the benefits of technology has not reached the agricultural labourers at significant level. This indicates that the benefits which increase to the groundnut farmers through a rise in the output prices also percolated to the agricultural labourers. The co-efficient of constant or intercept is -7.2169. It means the factors which are not considered in the model shows cast out effect on female money wages. The collective effect of the two independent variables X1 and X2 is shown by the pass judgment of R2. The order of R2 is 0.9064. It indicates that 90.64 percent of edition in female money wagerate is observed by these two independent variables. Th e treasure of R2 is significant.The estimated regression equation for female real wagerate isY = -4.392 + 0.1886 X1 +0.3938* X2(0.1505) (0.0666)R2 = 0.7541 , F = 51.4269** Significant at 5 percent probability level.The two estimated regression co-efficients of independent variables X1 and X2 are positive. It means the effect of these two variables on female real wagerate (Y) is positive. An increase in these two variables will increase the female real wagerate in Chittoor district. An increase in one unit of lagged yield will increase the female real wagerate by 0.19 units. But this increase is not significant. Similarly, an increase in one unit of lagged price will increase the female real wagerate by 0.39 units. This increase is significant. Hence, female real wages are influenced by changes in the yield and prices of output. The co-efficient of constant or intercept is -4.392. It means, the factors which are not considered in the model show negative effect on female real wages. The collective effect of the two independent variables X1 and X2 is shown by the value of R2. The value of R2 is 0.7541. It indicates that, 75.46 percent of renewing in female real wagerate is observed by these two independent variables. The value of R2 is significant.The estimated regression equation for male money wagerate isY = -6.8562 + 0.0901* X1 +1.4094* X2(0.0349) (0.0155)R2 = 0.8982 , F = 70.5855** Significant at 5 percent probability level.The two estimated regression co-efficients of lagged yield (X1) and lagged price (X2) are positive and significant. It means the positive relationship is observed between independent variables X1 and X2 with dependent variable (Y). An increase in these two variables will increase the male money wagerate in Chittoor district. An increase in one unit of lagged yield will increase the male money wagerate by 0.09 units. But this increase is significant. Similarly, an increase in one unit of lagged price will increase the male money wagera te by 1.41 units. This increase is significant. Hence, male money wages are influenced by changes in the yield and prices of output. One unit increase in groundnut price would result in more than one unit increase in money wage showing the improvements in real wages. The positive and significant co-efficient of yield reveals that wages are influenced by changes in the yield. It mean the benefits of technology have reached the agricultural labourers at significant level. It indicates that a rise in the output prices is beneficial to the groundnut farmers which in revoke effects the agricultural labourers. The co-efficient of intercept is -6.8562. It means the factors which are not considered in the model show negative effect on male money wages. The collective effect of the two independent variables X1 and X2 is shown by the value of R2. The value of R2 is 0.8982. It indicates a variation of 89.82 percent in male money wagerate is observed by these two independent variables. The va lue of R2 is significant.The estimated regression equation for male real wagerate isY = -0.2138 0.0513 X1 +0.3252* X2(0.0189) (0.0835)R2 = 0.6702 , F = 16.267** Significant at 5 percent probability level.The estimated co-efficient of lagged yield (X1) is negative and insignificant. It means the negative relationship is observed between X1 variable and male real wagerate. An increase in the lagged yield will decrease the male real wagerate in Chittoor district. The estimated co-efficient of lagged price (X2) is positive and significant. It means the effect of independent variable (X2) on male real wagerate is positive. An increase in the lagged price will increase the male real wagerate in the district. An increase in one unit of X1 variable will decrease the male real wagerate (Y) by 0.05 units. But this decrease is not significant. Similarly, an increase in one unit of X2 variable will increase the male real wagerate (Y) by 0.33 units. This increase is significant. Hence, male re al wages are affected by changes in the yield and prices of output. The co-efficient of constant is -0.2138. It means the factors which are not considered in the model show negative effect on male real wages. The collective effect of the two independent variables X1 and X2 are shown by the value of R2. The value of R2 is 0.6702. It indicates that, 67.02 percent of variation in male real wagerate is observed by these two independent variables. The value of R2 is significant.V. CONCLUSIONSIn case of female agricultural labour, regarding the lagged yields, the rate of increase in real wages (0.19) is twice as compared to that of money wages. This increase in real wages over money wages reveals that the economic position of the female agricultural labour may be increased due to raise in lagged yields. Owing to the lagged price, the rate of increase in real wages of female agricultural labour (0.39) as compared to the female agricultural money wages (1.41) is approximately one forth. Th is result shows that about 3/4th of the monetary gains of the female agricultural labour has been taken away by consumer price rise. From this rate of increase in real wages, it may be concluded that the real economic position of the female agricultural labour has been deteriorated marginally.Whereas for male agricultural labour, in case of lagged yield is observed that there is a lessen trend in male real wages (-0.05) and an increasing trend in male money wages (0.09). This results indicates that the declining trend in real economic position of the male agricultural labour. 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